If the piping of the solid fuel boiler is done correctly, this significantly affects the life of the heating equipment, prevents the occurrence of emergencies, and ensures the stable operation of the heating system. Connection diagrams may vary, but there are general installation principles that must be followed during installation of the water circuit.
Options for piping a solid fuel boiler
The scheme for connecting a solid fuel boiler to the heating system is selected, depending on specifications heated building. When choosing, pay attention to several parameters:- Type of coolant circulation.
- Type of heating system.
- Simultaneous use of radiator heating and underfloor heating system.
According to the type of coolant circulation, it is customary to distinguish between the following schemes: 
In addition to the distribution of systems according to the type of coolant circulation, it is customary to divide several more schemes on a similar basis: 
According to their device or connection principle, it is customary to distinguish several more common heating schemes: 
There are modern piping systems for solid fuel boilers using a hydraulic arrow and a collector group. Such solutions are used if it is planned to connect water circuits using the principle of high and low temperature heating. The hydraulic arrow is installed in a heating system with underfloor heating.
When choosing a heating system with a solid fuel boiler, they are guided by the following points:
- The cost of tying.
- Thermal characteristics of the room.
When calculating and choosing a suitable piping scheme, one cannot do without competent advice from a heating engineer.
Piping scheme without heat accumulator
When choosing a method of tying a solid fuel heating boiler, one of the decisive factors is the presence of a heat accumulator. If a buffer tank is not provided, the heating system is made using a small and large range of heating systems. Installation of a small circle is carried out according to the following rules:
The principle of operation of this scheme is as follows:
- After turning on the boiler, the heated coolant circulates through a small heating circle. A three-way valve prevents cold, unheated water from entering the heat exchanger. A large difference in the temperature at the supply and return leads to the fact that the boiler begins to "cry". A large amount of condensate is formed, which negatively affects the heat exchanger.
- The coolant gradually warms up and after heating above 60 ° C, a three-way valve opens. From this moment, a large circle of the heating system begins to work.
- The small circle of the heating system continues to function as a mixing unit that prevents the coolant from boiling, and reduces the gap between the supply and return temperatures.
Piping with an indirect heating boiler
The piping scheme for a solid fuel boiler with a buffer tank is somewhat different from the previous version. Essentially a buffer tank or boiler indirect heating, is a conventional thermos in which water is heated and stored for certain purposes.A simple piping of a solid fuel boiler with a heat storage tank replaces a small heating circle and is performed as follows:
- The container is installed between the boiler and the heating system.
- The supply pipeline is connected to the upper part of the boiler, the system return is connected to the lower part.
- Two circulation pumps are installed on the return line. The performance of pumping equipment should be different. The settings are set in such a way that the movement of the coolant in the buffer tank is carried out from top to bottom. This can be achieved by placing a circulation pump of greater productivity in front of the drive, and less after it.
Tying a solid fuel boiler with an indirect heating boiler performs several important functions:
- Reduces the temperature difference between the supply and return of the heating system.
- Allows you to accumulate the received heat and mix hot water into the heating system after the wood burns out in the boiler.
Boiler TT piping together with an electric boiler
The wiring diagram, including the installation and parallel use of an electric boiler, together with a TT unit, is very popular. The advantage of this solution is the possibility of using a cheap solid fuel boiler. And after the combustion of firewood or coal in the furnace, in the absence of the possibility of adding a new portion of fuel, an automatic transition to electricity is carried out.The binding is performed as follows:
- Two boilers are connected in parallel.
- A circulation pump is installed in the electric boiler. For a solid fuel unit, you will need to install pumping equipment.
- To prevent the occurrence of a duplicate flow of the coolant, when two circulation pumps are turned on simultaneously, a special valve is installed that shuts off the flow. In this case, a check valve in the heating system is needed so that, with the simultaneous operation of two boilers, the coolant does not stagnate in the boiler circuit. You will need to install two fittings. One valve is installed on the supply pipeline from the electric boiler, the second, on the return line going to the solid fuel boiler.
- The operability of the system will be provided by two thermal sensors. The room sensor is connected to the electric boiler. When the temperature in the rooms falls below the set minimum, the heating of the coolant with the help of electricity automatically starts. To prevent heat loss, a thermal sensor is also installed on the pump for the TT boiler, which turns off the circulation of the coolant when the combustion chamber cools down.
Which pipe to piping a solid fuel boiler
There are no strict rules governing which pipe to use for tying the boiler's TT. There is only one recommendation related to real operating experience.A section of a small heating circle is made using metal strapping (steel, copper). This is done so that when the coolant boils and an emergency occurs, the pipes do not deteriorate and retain their tightness under the influence of high temperatures. The material of the rest of the pipeline can be chosen as desired.
The most common strapping options are: 
Due to the fact that the heating of the coolant often reaches the boiling point of the liquid, tie a solid fuel boiler better pipes from metal. But, since this option is not always possible, the use of analogues is allowed. The use of polypropylene with fiberglass, in heating systems with a solid fuel boiler, has proven to be one of the most reliable and optimal strapping methods.
How and with what to insulate pipes
Pipe insulation is performed using Merilon or any other insulation designed for this purpose. If the pipeline is laid in the ground, as in the case of a free-standing boiler house, then, for additional protection, PET with a large diameter is used.
PET pipe protects against mechanical damage. The insulation is a kind of protection against condensation, preventing burns when accidentally touching the pipes, as well as reducing heat loss. Fix the insulation with clamps or knitting wire.
Necessary units and components for tying the boiler TT
The complete list of fittings for tying the boiler with the system depends on the chosen scheme, the presence or absence of a buffer tank and other equipment. With a standard connection, the following links are required:- Thermostatic or thermomixing valve- necessary to stabilize the heating of the coolant and prevent overheating and boiling of the latter.
- Expansion tank - provided in any heating scheme. The membrane expansion tank is mounted in closed systems with forced circulation of the coolant. In gravity schemes, at the highest point of the water circuit, an open container is installed.
- Circulation pump- is installed in closed and open systems with forced circulation of fluid in the water circuit. Some solutions, such as the use of a buffer tank, two boilers connected in parallel, require the installation of two circulation equipment modules at once.
- Check valve - coordinates the direction of the heat flow of the liquid. Used when connecting a membrane tank. Prevents the appearance of a duplicate flow while connecting electric and solid fuel boilers.
- Collector - used when connecting underfloor heating and radiators at the same time. You can’t do without a collector in the manufacture of a radiant heating system, when each heater runs its own pipeline. The collector in the heating system is needed for most modern heating schemes.
- Air bleeder- automatic valve included in the standard safety group. In automatic mode, it bleeds air from the heating system.
- System make-up valve- controls the pressure and total volume of the coolant in the system. When falling below the minimum value, it opens and replenishes the water circuit with liquid.
- System pressure sensor- also included in the security group. Shows the nominal pressure in the heating system, often the first to indicate overheating of the coolant. Thanks to the reconciliation of the readings of the thermometer and the pressure sensor (pressure gauge), it is convenient to set the required operating mode and set up automatic.
- Coarse filter- is installed on the return line, directly in front of the circulation pump. It is recommended that the filter be installed in front of the buffer tank, expansion tank and other sensitive elements of the heating system.
- hydraulic arrow- a hydraulic arrow in the heating system, needed for boilers using the principle long burning and modulating power settings. In practice, this device replaces the buffer tank and has a general principle of operation.
- Mixing unit or mixing unit- mixes hot and cold water from the heating claw to prevent boiling and reduce the difference between the supply and return of the coolant.
Ways to protect the tt of the boiler and the heating system from overheating
Boiling of the heating system is the main disadvantage of using solid fuel boilers. It is quite difficult to regulate the operation of the units. To prevent boiling, modern systems use multi-level protection:- Small heating circle– Initially, the circuit prevents condensation. After a large circle of heating has started working, the design plays the role of a mixing unit.
- Security group- Includes air vent, pressure gauge and pressure sensor. With excessive overheating, the pressure in the system rises, which leads to the failure of the valve and the discharge of a certain amount of water from the water circuit.
- Membrane tank - pressure in the expansion tank in a closed heating system of a solid fuel boiler, varies depending on the heating of the coolant. The capacity is selected based on the total volume of the coolant, according to special formulas. The pressure in the heating system must not exceed 2 mbar. Most heat exchangers of TT boilers do not withstand large parameters and are deformed when overheated.
- Buffer capacity- connecting a solid fuel heating boiler to the heating system through a storage boiler makes it virtually impossible for the coolant to boil.
- Circulation pump connection- when the power is turned off, the movement of the coolant stops, which leads to almost instantaneous boiling. Safety regulations require the pump to be connected via power supply.
The optimal volume of the heating system is calculated by the formula, 1 kW = 15 liters of water. The result obtained is used when selecting an expansion membrane tank or determining the required amount of coolant / antifreeze.
What is better to fill in the heating system when heated by a solid fuel boiler
The heating system, with a solid fuel boiler connected to it, can operate on almost any type of coolant. Several factors influence the choice:- Building type - in heated rooms, it is more expedient to use ordinary water as a liquid for the heating system.
- If you plan to heat the building from time to time, it is better to use an antifreeze liquid.
The choice of piping for a solid fuel boiler affects the safety and service life of heating equipment. The calculation of the heating system requires the involvement of a qualified heat engineer.
The solid fuel boiler piping scheme is a system thought out to the smallest detail of various devices and small elements that are necessary for the correct formation of a single high-quality scheme for controlled heating of a private house. This necessarily includes the boiler itself, underfloor heating, towel dryers, radiators, modern devices for control and full automation, pipelines, as well as regulating and conventional shut-off steel bars (fittings).
Solid fuel boiler piping
The choice of a reliable connection scheme itself, as well as full compliance with the standards and compliance with the recommendations and rules during the direct installation of the boiler purchased and selected for the room, is an indisputable guarantee of absolutely reliable and well-established operation of heating equipment throughout the entire period of active and rather long operation.
The main purpose of the piping is to properly regulate the temperature, select the appropriate mode of operation, and also eliminate the risk of overheating of the installed boiler and the entire large system as a whole. If the process is carried out efficiently and carefully, you can save quite a lot of money due to the correct and efficient distribution of heat throughout a private house. Installation of expensive automation in this case simply does not make sense.
This aspect is very important for constant work with all equipment that operates exclusively on solid and high-quality fuels. For different models boilers of this type do not provide an automatic simple system. For this reason, competent piping of the boiler will significantly affect the efficiency of the device.
How to choose pipes for a reliable boiler piping?
Tying a solid fuel boiler - which pipe is better to do? This element is the basis of the entire system, which will be implemented in the future. It is the selection of this material that should be taken carefully and deliberately.
Competent piping of the boiler regulates the temperature
The modern market is ready to offer a wide range of pipes. Each type has its own personal characteristics, features and performance:
- copper pipe;
- polypropylene pipe.
If we are talking about piping the boiler using the latter option, we should immediately note the range of advantages:
- Ease of installation. Such pipes are very quickly and easily mounted, and only a soldering iron is required to connect them. The whole process will take a maximum of a week.
- Resistant to severe overheating. The pipes use a special well-thought-out frame made of high-quality reinforced thin mesh.
- Reduced thermal conductivity. The pipes are able to maintain the maximum temperature of the coolant obtained due to heating during its transportation according to the scheme.
- The movement of the coolant itself. The smoothness of the pipes, as well as the maximum resistance to the formation of unwanted salt deposits, makes it possible to maintain a stable high rate of constant movement of the coolant throughout the long period of active operation.
Thermal binding
The solid fuel boiler piping scheme is carried out on the basis of certain rules and regulations that should be followed by those who undertook this business. Of course, the work is quite simple and understandable if everything is done carefully, but still there are certain nuances that should be taken into account:
- Each connection is made qualitatively, reliably, so that there are no doubts about the safety of the installed system.
- The most popular and sought-after strapping scheme is the variant with two circuits.
- The use of pipes that are made of any hot material is not recommended and even strictly prohibited. It is allowed to tie the boiler with polypropylene only if there are certificates for this product.
- The system will be in good and safe condition when the equipment is checked regularly and professionally.
- The coolant that moves according to the scheme must be clean. So you can easily eliminate premature damage and failure of the pipe.
- To exclude airing the system, you will need to install a conventional air vent.
- Properly and carefully made piping will always be considered as effective as possible when the power of a solid fuel boiler selected for the house is correctly calculated in advance.
- To prevent a dangerous leak at any of the connections, it is necessary to use a special paronite.
- If the area of \u200b\u200bthe room itself is relatively small, it is recommended to use the natural course of the coolant.
- The piping scheme for a solid fuel boiler must also necessarily take into account the off-season periods when significant overheating of the room can occur.
- The quality of each, even the smallest, node, parts, and elements determines the quality indicator of the entire connection. Poor quality materials are a deliberate step towards an unprofitable investment of financial resources.
- The size of the installed tank always matters, since a large boiler piping requires large dimensions of this circuit element.
Typical piping schemes for solid fuel boilers
Tying a solid fuel boiler with a heat accumulator: diagram and explanation.
This option is quite laborious and complicated, but also effective. In this type of circuit, the battery plays the role of a special buffer-type capacity. In the first installed circuit, where water moves at the time of ignition of the boiler itself, a gradual mixing unit is built in, which includes certain elements:
- ball valves;
- sump;
- circulation pump;
- thermostatic three-way valve;
- temperature control device.
Scheme of piping with a heat accumulator
The piping of a solid fuel heating boiler, the circuit of which consists of such devices, differs from other modifications in that each component is assembled into a single unit, and the coolant is directed to the tank itself, and not to the entire heating system of the house.
This method allows you to connect as many branches for heating at the outlet of the heated tank as the area and individual needs of the person living in the room require. Note that each branch has its own small circulation pump. Each circuit is separated hydraulically, and excess heat is concentrated in the tank.
Piping with natural fuel circulation: diagram and description.
This option is the simplest, since it does not provide for any additional element. Each stage is carried out exclusively by hand, and the fuel is added gradually and as needed. Mandatory requirement- pipes with the largest possible diameter in order to form the correct global heating circuit.
Piping with natural circulation of fuel
Binding of forced circulation of fuel: diagram and explanation.
The piping scheme of a solid fuel boiler with a circulation pump, which is designed for uniform and balanced movement of the selected coolant through the associated system, makes it possible to correctly adjust the temperature of each installed radiator individually. A significant drawback is that the good and stable operation of the pump directly depends on the changeable in its work and the supply of electricity.
Forced circulation piping scheme
Piping scheme for a solid fuel boiler with a hydraulic arrow: description.
This option involves the use of a modern special device - a hydraulic arrow, which is a small vertical pipe with a significant diameter. It is connected to the output-input of the boiler. This method of connecting any heating device makes it possible to select the optimal and individual temperature for each device separately.
Strapping scheme with a hydraulic arrow
The functionality of the strapping system
In the system that they decided to do in country house, it is necessary to add certain components to establish the operation of the boiler itself:
- The pump is circular. It is used only in the case when natural circulation simply does not have the right to exist in the created boiler piping.
- The tank is expansion. It allows excess air to escape from the circuit, and also accommodates an excess amount of coolant.
- Air vent. Due to the well-thought-out structure of this component, air plugs do not accumulate in the system.
- Sump. It does not allow the heating system to become contaminated, constantly cleans the coolant, as well as accumulations on the pipes.
- Hydrogun. Due to this element, it becomes possible to connect several heating circuits at once to just one boiler, but according to different parameters.
Heat generators that draw energy from different types solid fuel, have their own characteristics of work, which should be taken into account when connected to the heating system. Therefore, the piping scheme for a solid fuel boiler includes several mandatory elements and devices that ensure the long-term operation of the unit and its protection in emergency situations.
Features of the operation of solid fuel boilers
The process of burning wood or coal is somewhat more complicated than burning the same methane (natural gas). Methane is a simple inorganic compound that decomposes at high temperatures into carbon dioxide and water with some impurities. carbon monoxide. Wood and coal are complex organic substances that, when burned, form several substances and gases, some of them are aggressive. This leaves its mark on the durability of the heat generator. Individual piping of solid fuel boilers is done in order to create an optimal operating mode and thereby extend their service life.
One of the features of the operation of hot water units that burn solid fuel appears after the firebox is ignited and the operating mode is reached. If the installation of heating pipelines is carried out directly to the heating installation and passes through the water jacket of the unit during heating cold water, then condensate will begin to intensively stand out on the inner walls of the furnace. It reacts with combustion products, mixes with ash and firmly adheres to a metal or cast iron surface. The results are as follows:
- The steel walls of the combustion chamber are corroded by corrosion.
- A cast iron firebox is not as susceptible to corrosion, but its rough surface contributes to the adhesion of plaque, which is very difficult to remove. The same plaque will appear on the walls of the chamber made of steel.
To successfully combat condensate, it is necessary to make a small circulation circuit with a three-way valve; it is not recommended to connect a solid fuel boiler to the heating system directly.
There is one exception to the rule - when connecting the heat generator to a gravity heating system that operates without a circulation pump, installation can be carried out directly. The coolant here flows according to the principle of convection, as it warms up, increasing the speed of movement, while condensate does not appear. True, this is possible only with low power heating equipment and in small houses.
Another feature of the operation of heating installations on wood is inertia. When the temperature of the water in the system is sufficient, the automation closes the access of air to the furnace and stops the process. Nevertheless, combustion continues for some time, the coolant temperature exceeds the set one. The same phenomenon is observed when the circulation pump stops as a result of a power outage. The water in the jacket can boil, forming steam, and destroy the shell or break the pipes. To avoid this, a safety group with a relief valve set to a certain critical pressure is installed on the supply pipeline or directly into the boiler water tank.
Scheme of connection to the heating system
Below is a detailed typical piping of a solid fuel boiler with polypropylene with a small circuit and a mixing unit.
The purpose of the mixing unit is to prevent cold water from the return pipeline from passing into the water jacket of the heat generator. A three-way valve, set to a temperature not lower than 45º, closes the movement of the coolant in a small circle until its temperature reaches the set value. After that, the valve mixes water from the system into the return pipeline. In order to clean it from scale and sludge, a filter is placed in front of the three-way valve - a mud collector. At the same time, it must be installed exactly in the same position as shown in the diagram; vertical installation of the filter is a mistake.
Boiler piping with buffer tank
Many manufacturers strongly recommend using . The buffer tank for the boiler is used for the following reasons:
- When the air damper is closed in the chamber, wood smolders with insufficient oxygen, and this leads to an increase in the proportion of carbon monoxide (CO) in the combustion products and an increase in pollution. environment. Therefore, a solid fuel boiler must operate at medium or full power, accumulating excess heat in the storage tank.
- After the firewood burns out and the firebox goes out, the energy contained in the drive will be enough for some time to heat the house. The duration of this period of time depends on the volume of the tank.
The figure shows a piping diagram for a solid fuel boiler with an accumulator tank, a small circulation circuit and two mixing units. The arrows on it show the circulation of the coolant.
An alternative to the previous connection methods is tying a solid fuel boiler with a buffer tank (hydraulic arrow). The connection diagram is somewhat similar to the previous one with the difference that the hydraulic arrow does not serve as a heat accumulator, but is intended for hydraulic separation of the boiler circuit from the rest of the heating branches. There can be many of the latter: radiator heating, underfloor heating, an indirect water heating boiler for hot water supply. In this case, the temperature of the coolant in each branch needs a different one. Below is a diagram of connecting a solid fuel boiler with a buffer tank and a distribution manifold to a boiler and a radiator heating system.
1 - heat generator; 2 - temperature sensor; 3 - three-way valve of the boiler circuit; 4 - membrane expansion tank; 5 - buffer capacity; 6 - radiators; 7 - circulation pump of the heating circuit; 8 - three-way valve of the heating circuit; 9 - room thermostat; 10 – indirect heating boiler; 11 - circulation pump of the DHW heating circuit; 12 - security group.
Collaboration with electric boilers
Very often, wood or coal-fired water heaters become the second heating unit in the furnace room, where there is already a gas or electric installation. They will need to be properly connected to each other for correct collaboration, so that one unit insures the other. This is very convenient, for example, when all the coal burns out in one of them. Then the electric or gas water heater. A typical piping diagram for a solid fuel boiler and an electric boiler is shown in the following figure. It is assumed that the electric heater has its own circulation pump.
Conclusion
The presented schemes are the most common due to their simplicity and reliability; in fact, there are many more different connection methods. It is better to choose the right one for yourself with the help of a specialist, taking into account all factors and wishes.
The piping scheme for boiler rooms for a private house with a heat accumulator and a standard solid fuel boiler is one of the most reliable and popular combinations. The construction of the scheme begins with the arrangement of the piping of the solid fuel boiler, as well as the placement of the buffer tank. This element is installed in order to obtain an additional natural circulation circuit. Thus, a siding is created along which water will be directed in the event of an unplanned short-term power outage and a sudden stop of the pump.
Let's consider a contour with natural circulation - gravitational. When drawing up a plan, we avoid bends, we try to minimize the number of knees so as not to create unnecessary resistance. Based on the size of the nozzles of the boiler used, we select the diameter of the pipes for the circuit. The standard option is no more than 1.5 inches.
The coolant circulates inside the gravitational circuit without the help of a pump due to the temperature difference created. In the event that, due to a power outage or other reason, the circulation hot water stops, the solid fuel boiler boils. To avoid this dangerous situation, an additional gravity circuit is used - in order to prevent an accident in the event of a pump stop.
Sometimes the temperature of a solid fuel boiler increases and can exceed the limit of 100 degrees. For this reason, we tie the contour from metal pipes. We add a pump to the intended circuit. To do this, we plan a workaround, where we install a safety flap check valve on a dedicated section of the gravity circuit. Choose a valve with minimal resistance. An adapter with a standard resistance may interfere with the circulation of the coolant.
In normal mode, the circulation pump creates pressure on the valve, keeping it closed. At the same time, water circulates freely along the usual path. At the moment the pump stops, the boiler continues to heat the water, but the built-in valve will work and will not allow water to pass through the main circle.
Hot water mixing and valve addition
In order for the system to work, it is necessary to provide automatic mixing of hot water into the return line. Thus, we increase the temperature of the water entering the boiler. If too cold coolant gets into it, the boiler can quickly fail. There are several common strapping schemes with the addition of a return. We use a three-way mixing thermostatic valve. Installing this valve allows you to form a small circle of circulation of the coolant, as a result of which the heating of the boiler will accelerate. This approach prevents the formation of condensate, thereby protecting the heat exchanger from damage due to a significant temperature difference.
Let's imagine a simulated situation. We set the built-in petal valve to operate when the temperature reaches 55 degrees. When the boiler is started, the water in the system is not heated, and while it is cold, the valve closes and lets the carrier go in a small circle. After the supply water heated up to the threshold value of 55 degrees, the valve opened slightly and began to mix in chilled water from the return. At the next stage, the entire barrel is heated, while the return temperature will also rise above 55 degrees. At this point, the valve will fully switch and let water flow through the large ring.
After connecting the return flow, we add a pressure relief valve to the solid fuel boiler piping circuit. It is necessary in case of exceeding performance. The solid fuel boiler has a special hole for mounting the valve. In other models, the valve can be installed through a tee. We include an expansion tank in the system. After it, to complete the piping on the side of the heat generator, it is necessary to connect an electric boiler. It is included in the circuit in parallel with the already installed solid fuel boiler.
We have formed two feeds, on each of them it is necessary to install check valves. This is done so that the pump of one of the boilers does not pump water along the working circuit in opposition to the other. Recall that on a solid fuel boiler we use not an ordinary, but a petal valve.
Piping of solid fuel boiler and buffer tank
The simplest will be a piping scheme containing a buffer tank with a pre-installed DHW coil. The advantage of this option will be significant space savings in the boiler room due to the absence of a separate boiler. Another added plus is the modest savings on investment due to the lack of the need to buy and install another node. This option simplifies the maintenance process of the system, since there will be no problem fighting bacteria.
In summer, a heat accumulator with a DHW coil becomes a full-fledged indirect heating boiler. The pump is connected to the circuit with a standard inch pipe; a ¾ or inch pipe is well suited for an electric boiler. If it is planned to install a buffer tank with a volume of at least 1000 liters, then it is more economical and advisable to slightly raise the return from the electric boiler and connect the main circuit not from below, but above, to the middle outlets of the heat accumulator. With such a scheme, the boiler will not constantly heat the entire volume, which will reduce the rate of its depreciation. This parameter depends on the specification.
If it is required to tie not a solid fuel, but a gas boiler, then the same circuit diagram is used as for an electric one. It should be noted that in the scheme we are considering, a standard electric boiler already contains everything you need:
- pump;
- pressure meter;
- safety valve.
If you choose a model in which these parts are missing, the boiler will have to be tied up accordingly.
Connection to the heating system
The prepared circuit is directly connected to the heating system. From the point of view of safety, it must be remembered that a solid fuel boiler at some points can give an excessively high temperature. The storage barrel may contain water at a temperature of 90-100 degrees. For standard home heating radiators, this is too much. Can be severely burned if accidentally touched. For this reason, another mixing valve needs to be added to the circuit. It will mix the cooled water into the circuit.
If the house has underfloor heating, it is possible to connect them to the radiator circuit for return flow. Another pump will need to be installed. The connection will go to the mixing unit. Due to the high temperature, water is not taken directly from the heated heat exchanger, but through a safety mixing valve. This part is installed so that when working with the system and checking it, you do not get scalded by hot steam.
At the next stage, we connect the coolant recirculation line in the system through a special pump. We arrange check valves in the circuit in accordance with the diagram. This completes the complete set of functional elements, let's move on to the fittings.
Another filter is required in front of the boilers. Then, at the highest points of the system, we install additional automatic air vents. Next, we provide draining and filling the system. To do this, we arrange ball valves so that in the future we carry out technical inspection and repair of equipment without draining the coolant from the circuit. Cranes are needed for:
- expansion tank;
- boilers;
- pump.
In the event that there are no standard thermometers on the boilers, they are installed additionally. You will also need two control thermometers located on the buffer tank. They will facilitate the control of the system and its adjustment.
Reinforcement insulation
Consider the issue of the need for insulation of reinforcement. Long pipes, many fittings and high operating temperatures in the system lead to heat losses. At finished facilities, heating equipment that is not properly insulated overheats the surrounding space. In the room where the boiler and the heat accumulator are installed, the temperature can reach plus 27 degrees in severe frost. Fuel is wasted and system efficiency is reduced. After the pipes are insulated, it is possible to win back a few degrees and reduce fuel consumption.
When insulating fittings, one must remember that when working from the side of the boilers, the pipes get very hot, as they can transport water hotter than 100 degrees. Polyethylene foam insulation is not suitable in this case. It can only be installed in another part of the circuit from the side of the radiators of the heating system. In a boiler room, it is better to wear rubber insulation that is more resistant to heat on hot pipes. Fittings and other fittings should also be insulated.
For safety reasons it is not recommended to isolate the pumps. This equipment has a limitation that the ambient temperature cannot be exceeded. If the pumps are insulated from the boiler side, then they can be insulated too much, and this is unacceptable.
Boiler connection diagram
Consider another piping scheme for a solid fuel boiler, in which, in addition to the heat accumulator, there is a boiler. We will not alter the boiler part, we will leave it unchanged. Similarly to the previous scheme, we will connect the entire heating system. Only the indirect heating boiler added to the planned circuit will be new. Inside the model we have chosen, there is a coil through which the heated coolant passes. Thanks to this, water is heated directly and pumped using a special pump. Based on the experience of previously used circuits, I recommend using the leads connected to the boiler away from those connected to the boiler itself and heating radiators.
At the output of the prepared hot water from the boiler, it is necessary to install another expansion tank. After that, at the inlet to the cold water system, we cut in the petal safety valve. According to this scheme, it is permissible to supply hot water without additional inserts directly to the bathrooms. The pipes will not be too hot - the boiler automatically controls the temperature of the coolant inside itself.
It may be useful to install an additional mixer at the outlet, as it is periodically necessary to carry out preventive disinfection of the internal cavity with high temperature in the boiler. When the system heats up, there is a possibility of scalding with steam if at this moment someone opens the hot water. In addition, the mixer will allow you to leave an increased supply of hot water in the boiler. To do this, the electric boiler must be connected to the boiler, but the circuit will be built directly according to a different scheme.
The recirculation line in the boiler is connected through a special additional outlet. We connect fittings to the circuit according to the scheme discussed above. Please note - in the above diagrams, only the hydraulic part is disassembled in detail, without the installation of insulation.
When building autonomous heating at home, it is important to correctly think over and complete the piping of gas, solid fuel and electric boilers. Let's look at possible circuits and strapping elements, talk about classic, emergency and specific circuits, as well as the main equipment of these circuits.
The basic principles for piping a boiler of any design are safety and efficiency, as well as the maximum resource of all elements of the heating system. Consider various options organization of heating in order to make a balanced and most suitable decision for a particular case during individual construction.
Connecting the boiler to power sources
If the boiler runs on gas fuel, then it is necessary to organize a gas supply to it. With main gas supply, this must be done by a gas service worker. If the heating is from cylinders, you need to conclude a lease agreement with Gaztekhnadzor, and entrust the installation to a company that has permission for this type of work. All work related to gas is potentially dangerous and this is not the time to save money and do the work yourself.
1. Heating supply. 2. Domestic hot water. 3. Gas. 4. Cold water to the DHW circuit. 5. Heating return
When using bottled gas, a reducer is required to unite a group of cylinders
The electric boiler must be connected to the network. The boiler and the terminal box must be grounded, all connections are made with copper wiring with a cross section not less than that specified in technical passport to the equipment.
The solid fuel boiler is always autonomous and requires only the connection of heating and hot water pipes. Connections to the electrical supply circuits are required only by automatic control units, if they are used.
Single and double circuit boilers
Single-circuit boilers are designed primarily for heating. Only one circuit passes through them, including automation, piping and radiators. An indirect heating boiler can also be included in the circuit to supply hot water to the mixers for washstands, showers and baths. The power of the boiler is selected with an appropriate power margin. The feasibility of such a connection in most cases is somewhat doubtful, since it violates the stability of the heating system by sudden heat extraction. The problem can be solved by equipping the circuit with a complex control system, which in some models may come with the boiler.
Single-circuit boiler with indirect heating boiler: 1. Boiler. 2. Boiler piping. 3. Radiator. 4. Indirect heating boiler. 5. Entering cold water
In a double-circuit boiler, hot water supply, along with heating, is included in the functions of the boiler and constitutes one of its two circulation circuits. A more stable operation of both systems is carried out when the boilers are equipped with two separate heat exchangers for two circuits. Feature of the system: no hot water storage tank.
Connection of a double-circuit boiler: 1. Boiler. 2. Tying the heating boiler. 3. Heating circuit. 4. Entering cold water
Boiler piping scheme for natural circulation
Natural circulation is based on the laws of physics - thermal expansion of the coolant and gravity, so the boiler piping does not include pressure equipment.
In order for the water in the circuit to make continuous movement, several rules must be observed.
The boiler should be located at the lowest point of the house, preferably in the basement or in a specially equipped pit.
The pipeline from the top point to the heating radiators, and from them to the "return" must be made with a slope of at least 0.5 ° to reduce the hydraulic resistance of the system.
Heating with natural circulation. H - the difference in the levels of the supply and return lines, determines the pressure in the heating circuit
The diameter of the heating distribution pipes must provide a water velocity of at least 0.1 m / s and not more than 0.25 m / s. Such values must be taken in advance and checked by calculation, based on the temperature difference at the inlet and outlet (gradient) and the difference in height along the axes of the boiler and radiators (at least 0.5 m).
The gravitational circuits of the boiler can be open and closed types. In the first case, an open-type expansion tank is installed at the highest point of the system (in the attic or roof), it also acts as an air vent.
The closed system is equipped with a membrane tank located on the same level as the boiler. Since the closed system does not have direct contact with the atmosphere, it must be equipped with a safety group (pressure gauge, safety valve and air vent). The group is located in such a way that the air valve is at the highest point of the circuit.
Natural circulation systems are independent of the power supply and are most common where the power grid is unavailable or unreliable.
Boiler piping scheme for forced circulation
The impetus for the movement of water in a forced circulation circuit is a circulation pump. Schemes can also be open (with an open-type expansion tank) and closed (with a membrane tank and a safety group).
The circulation pump, as a rule, is installed in a place where the water temperature has the lowest value - at its inlet to the boiler, and mounted on the same site. The choice of the pump is made on the basis of the heating calculation, showing the required flow rate of the coolant, and the characteristics of the boiler. The regulation of the heat carrier flow is carried out on the basis of the return water temperature by an impulse from a sensor installed at the inlet to the boiler.
1. Boiler. 2. Security group. 3. Expansion tank. 4. Circulation pump. 5. Heating radiators
One- and two-pipe wiring of the heating system
The single pipe system is widely used in apartment buildings old building. The water temperature from radiator to radiator is constantly decreasing, which leads to an uneven supply of heat to individual rooms. In a two-pipe system, the coolant is distributed evenly over all radiators, having lost temperature, it enters the second pipe - the “return”. Thus, the two-pipe system provides the house with heat more evenly.
1. One-pipe wiring diagram. 2. Two-pipe wiring diagram
Collector wiring diagram of the heating system
With a large number of heating radiators located on different floors, or when connecting a "warm floor", the best wiring diagram is a collector one. At least two collectors are installed in the boiler circuit: on the water supply - distributing, and on the "return" - collecting. The collector is a piece of pipe into which bends with valves cut in order to be able to regulate individual groups.
Collector group
An example of connecting a heating circuit and a "warm floor" system using a collector group
Collector wiring is also called beam, since pipes can diverge in beams in different directions throughout the house. Such a scheme in modern houses one of the most common and considered practical.
primary-secondary rings
For boilers with a capacity of 50 kW or more or a group of boilers that are designed for heating and hot water supply of large houses, a scheme of primary-secondary rings is used. The primary ring consists of boilers - heat generators, secondary rings - heat consumers. Moreover, consumers can be installed on the direct branch and be high-temperature, or on the reverse - and be called low-temperature.
In order to avoid hydraulic distortions in the system and to separate the circuits, a hydraulic separator (arrow) is installed between the primary and secondary circulation rings. It also protects the boiler heat exchanger from water hammer.
If the house is large, then after the separator they arrange a collector (comb). For the system to work, you need to calculate the diameter of the arrow. The choice of diameter is based on the maximum productivity (flow) of water and flow rate (not higher than 0.2 m / s) or as a derivative of the boiler power, taking into account the temperature gradient (recommended value Δt - 10 ° C).
Formulas for calculations:
- G - maximum flow, m 3 / h;
- w is the water velocity through the arrow cross section, m/s.
- P - boiler power, kW;
- w is the water velocity through the arrow cross section, m/s;
- Δt is the temperature gradient, °С.
Emergency circuits
In forced circulation systems, the pumps depend on the power supply, which can be cut off. To prevent overheating of the boiler, which can disable the equipment or even lead to depressurization, the boilers are equipped with emergency systems.
First option. Uninterruptible power supply or generator that will power the circulation pumps. In terms of efficiency, this method is one of the most optimal.
Second option. A small reserve ring is being set up, operating on the gravitational principle. When the circulation pump is turned off, a circuit with natural circulation is included in the system, ensuring the heat transfer of the coolant. An additional circuit cannot provide full heating.
Third option. During construction, two full-fledged circuits are laid, one works according to the gravitational principle, the second with the help of pumps. The systems must be able to exchange heat and mass for the emergency period.
Fourth way. If the water supply is centralized, then when the pumps are turned off, cold water is supplied to the heating circuits through special pipe with a shut-off valve (jumper between water supply and heating systems).
In conclusion, we suggest watching a video about the rules for calculating a single-pipe heating system for a private house.
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