After acquiring a plot for a country house or cottage, the new owner is faced with the question of how to make a cesspool? Not even a day can be done without this attribute on the site. Depending on the period of stay in a country house or in the country, it is necessary to choose the type of toilet.
Original outdoor toilet for a summer residence
For year-round living in a house outside the city or frequent vacations in the country, when you need to use daily, in addition to the toilet, shower and sink, it is necessary to build a cesspool toilet. If the cottage is used as a place of rest on weekends, then it is enough to build a cesspool with your own hands to collect sewage under this one.
There is no general requirement for choosing a site due to the difference in sites in terms of soil composition, landscape, and the availability of access roads. But the location of the toilet and cesspool is strictly regulated by building codes and regulations.
According to them:
If the site is crossed, you should not choose a low place for construction, as the cesspool will be filled with melt and rainwater. When choosing a high elevation of the site, there is a possibility that the toilet will collapse due to soil erosion. An important factor in choosing a location is the prevailing wind direction on the site.
When using a sewage truck for pumping sewage, you need to take care of its convenient and safe access, given that the standard length of the hose is 10–15 meters, of which about three meters are immersed directly into the pit.
Characteristics of cesspools
The cesspool is designed to collect domestic wastewater and sewage for individual buildings where there is no central sewerage. According to its characteristics, it is divided into filtered and hermetic.
Filtered sump example Filtered or absorbent cesspool
A characteristic feature of the pit is the absence of a bottom in the structure, due to which sewage, having passed through the filter elements, such as sand, crushed stone, brick waste, enters the soil. This reduces the number of calls to the sewage truck and saves money. The construction of such an object does not require much skill from the performer. However, if a large volume of water is consumed, then the cesspool and the soil are not able to accept it.
Summer cottages, where the volume of sewage is up to 1 m³ per day, is mainly equipped with a filtered septic tank directly above the toilet cabin.
In country houses and cottages, an absorbing pit is often used in separate sewers for use under domestic wastewater: bacteria for cesspools have time to process particles of shampoos, powders and other similar elements before they enter the soil.
This is what an absorbent cesspool looks like The main condition for canceling the construction of a filtered septic tank is the presence of soil water at a depth of two meters and above from the surface.
Sealed cesspool
The construction methods of a hermetic septic tank are identical to those absorbed, with the exception of the installation of the bottom and the high-quality sealing of the pit throughout the volume. For this, bitumen is suitable for insulation inside the tank and clay - outside.
Septic tank as a constituent element of a treatment facility
To solve the problem of receiving and cleaning sewage, they use. This is a technically complex design that allows using biological products to treat wastewater. The simplest is a container with a pillow of sand and gravel laid out at the bottom, through which the crude mixture passes.
An example of a multi-chamber septic tank for a house A more complex septic tank design consists of two or three tanks connected to each other by overflow sewer pipes. In the first, mechanical wastewater treatment is performed, in the second, bacteria are used for cesspools, bringing the effluent and liquid to a state suitable for technical needs.
Installation of the third tank increases the degree of stonecrop up to 60% of the initial degree of contamination due to settling of particles in the liquid. In addition, sediment in the form of silt can be a valuable fertilizer for the garden. However, building a septic tank is a rather laborious and costly operation.
Materials for building a septic tank
The design of the cesspool can be built from a variety of building materials. Depending on the complexity of the work and the level of funds, septic tanks are built from bricks, plastic containers, monolith, concrete rings. 
There are craftsmen who build a cesspool in the country from large used tires.
Calculation of the size of the cesspool
To calculate the size of the pit, you need to provide the following:
- The number of people living in a house or in a country house, subject to the consumption of 180 liters of water per person per day;
- Soil composition. So, clay soil is reluctant to let liquid through, and the volume of the septic tank must be built with a margin;
- The margin from the surface of the site to the filled cesspool should be at least 1 m in order to prevent, during heavy rainfall, sewage from going beyond the boundaries of the cesspool;
- The depth of the septic tank should be no more than three meters, as this is the optimal height for the productive operation of the sewer machine.
Cesspool ventilation
The potential for unpleasant odors from the cesspool makes it necessary to take seriously the issue of equipping it with ventilation for air circulation.
Cesspool ventilation scheme If the manufacturer has already provided channels for ventilation in the factory plastic container, then when the cesspool is being built from other building materials, it is necessary to lay holes for the ventilation pipe.
To reduce the smell emitted by the pit, good sealing of the floor slab and a tightly closing well hatch through which cesspools are pumped out will help. In sanitary premises, it is sufficient to install a pipe with a diameter of 50 cm on the roof along the channels used for exhaust from a gas boiler or building ventilation.
To equip ventilation in a cesspool toilet, it is enough to install a plastic or asbestos pipe with its lower end into the pit, through the floor, by 15 cm, and with its upper end into the roof of the toilet at a height of 20–30 cm from it.
The pipe diameter must be at least 100 mm. A deflector is installed on top to protect against precipitation and enhance ventilation draft.
Drawing for the manufacture of septic tank ventilation You can not spoil the country toilet by drilling holes, but fix the exhaust pipe on its back wall. The effect will be the same.
Maintenance of a septic tank and a cesspool with drugs
If at the dacha the volume of sewage is less than 1 m³, and they do not contain impurities from chemical elements, then the microorganisms present in the soil will clean up the sewage themselves, and this issue will not bother the owner. If the volume is larger, then various means and preparations are used to speed up the cleaning.
A cesspool cleaner based on chemical cleaning can be as follows:
Biological products for cesspools are designed to decompose household and fecal sewage with the help of natural microorganisms, for which fats, proteins, cellulose, starches and feces are the basis for their energy. They are applied to various types of wastewater and a large volume of their use.
The most popular biopreparations according to the type of their application are:
- For latrines and pits: Dr. Robik, Sanex, Micropan.
- For dry closets: Biola, Biofresh, Sunnifresh.
Features of biological products in a septic tank
Biological drug Dr. Robik is recognized as the most effective remedy, as it contains concentrated bacteria for cesspools and can process complex compounds and easily break down tissues, phenols and fats.
Biological products that have entered the consumer market successfully replace chemicals that threaten human health and nature, accelerate the wear of metal products, and have a negative impact on the life of the cesspool.
One and perhaps the most important drawback of a biological product for cesspools is that, unlike a chemical agent that acts at any ambient temperature, an antiseptic is productive at an air temperature of +4 to +30 degrees.
That is why the issue is so acute in the cold season. 
The performance of biologics may decrease for the following reasons:
- With irregular use of sewage. First of all, this concerns a country septic tank. Microorganisms will work unproductively and may even die. Therefore, simple sewage should not be allowed for more than two weeks. The ideal liquid level above solids is at least two centimeters.
- When household chemicals containing chlorine enter the sewer. Therefore, it is necessary to choose a biological product, the performance of which does not decrease even if chlorine and other chemical components enter the wastewater.
- When antibacterial filters, manganese or drugs penetrate into the sewage.
Mechanical maintenance of a septic tank
In a country house or in a country house, periodic maintenance of septic tanks is required, and when they are filled, pumping out cesspools. 
Pumping out by machine
It is not a problem to entrust the pumping out of sewage to enterprises that have sewage equipment. It is enough to contact and determine the time of work. Untimely pumping of cesspools can lead to wastewater overflow, and it will be very difficult and unpleasant to eliminate this oversight. Good specialists will qualitatively clean the cesspool septic tank and remove the problem of waste disposal, but it will be quite expensive.
If there is a septic tank with a small volume on the site, then work on cleaning it can be done independently.
Pumping out manually with a pump
Cleaning of cesspools is carried out both with the help of a pump and without it. The choice of fecal pumps on the market is very diverse both in terms of cost and performance. Pumps are available with a cutting device, which eliminates clogging of the hose. 
Cleaning can also be carried out using a water pump with a filter pre-installed on it.
Before starting work, it is necessary to find a sealed, tightly closed container of sufficient volume. The cesspool pump will pump sewage into it.
Manual pumping without pump
Cleaning the pit without a pump is carried out using a bucket on a strong rope and a shovel. Manual cleaning of cesspools is carried out by scooping sewage with a bucket and moving them into a container. This process is extremely unpleasant and dirty.
The only plus in manual cleaning of the pit is the better removal of silt and solid formations from the walls and bottom of the septic tank.
After cleaning, the collected sewage must be disposed of in specially designated places. Therefore, it is worthwhile to calculate the benefits of using a sewage machine that will do this work more than once. 
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