All of us cannot but worry about the quality of water in the water supply, which we drink and use for household needs. Cleanliness should be taken care of both at the head facilities where water is drawn in and in water supply networks. It is necessary to protect not only water intake from pollution, but the protection zone of the water supply system along its entire length must fully fulfill its function.
For the purpose of environmental protection, a sanitary protection zone (ZSanO) is being created around all water supply facilities.
Sanitary-protective zoning involves the formation of 3 belts:
- strict regime - No. 1;
- restrictive - No. 2;
- observant - No. 3.
In a strict regime, the water intake facilities and the place of water intake are protected directly from accidental or intentional harm. The second restrictive belt is designed to protect the water source from microbial contamination, and the third observation belt is needed to control the level of chemical pollution.
The source of water is located in the territory of a strict regime, followed by the belts of restrictions and observations, which have their own rules
If the first zone can be outlined manually, using a small number of standard figures, then the second and third belts are determined as a result of complex hydrodynamic calculations using a difficult method. It is much more convenient to master the AMWELLS computer program, but for now we will consider the general principles for constructing sanitary protection zones in several versions.
1. For open source water supply
Let's say the water in the water supply comes from the river - this is an open (or surface) source. The first belt is determined by the location of water intake structures (head elements of the water supply system). To them we add 180-200 meters upstream and 90-100 m downstream. The water intake and the water area adjacent to it are controlled by paramilitary guards; it is forbidden to have unauthorized people here.
Having decided on the length, let's find out the width of the coastal strip that falls into the ZSanO. There may be 50 or 200 m with the capture of the opposite bank, which depends on the power of the river itself. Along a large and deep channel with an intense current, no more than 50 m of the coast is isolated on both sides. And if the river is small - a total of up to 150 m and more. This includes the width of the two coastal edges and the river itself.
When water is withdrawn from a large lake, a reservoir, when it is very far from the opposite shore, 100 m are measured in all directions. It turns out to be a circle with such a radius, and some part of it passes through the water. The water boundary of the zone is marked with buoys and illuminated buoys.
The second belt is the territory that immediately follows the first belt and adjoins it. There are severe restrictions on it: factories and industrial production, farming land, construction, improvement of beaches and places of mass country recreation are prohibited. To know where to locate the boundary of the second belt upstream, it is necessary to study the ability of river water to self-purify.
The water intake structure consists of receiving windows, a suction chamber, a pumping station of the 1st lift, a service pavilion that accommodates personnel, and an observation gallery.
On average, the river processes the pollution that has fallen into it from 3 to 5 days. During this time, the river flow should not have time to carry the polluted water to the water intake point, self-purification should occur earlier. If translated into mileage, then it is quite enough to include in the second belt 20-35 km of the channel for large and 35-60 km for small rivers above the water intake.
And downstream the border will pass at a distance of 250-300 m from the water intake. Here it is required to exclude the reverse movement of water against the current due to the wind.
The third belt - cities, towns, villages supplied with water from this source fall into it, the territory needs constant monitoring, but there are no such restrictions as in the first and second.
2. For water supply from an underground source (well)
In the version with an underground source, a sanitary protection zone is also needed. For shallow water wells penetrating sedimentary aquifers, the strict regime zone is surrounded by a radius of 50 m, and for deep wells reaching aquifers in bedrock, this figure is half as much - 25 m.
There can be no unnecessary structures here, except for the primary pumping station, water tower, and a minimum of ancillary buildings. Surface and drainage runoff must be taken outside, and the territory itself should be landscaped, planted with greenery, surrounded by a fence, while at the same time providing unhindered access for special vehicles with maintenance teams to eliminate possible sudden malfunctions, planned maintenance and repair of equipment.
The second belt is defined so that pollution from outside it cannot penetrate into underground aquifers and reach water intake within 100 to 400 days - a specific figure is calculated based on the laws of hydrodynamics, taking into account the characteristics of soils and climatic factors.
The third belt is a zone of active human activity. It is assumed that the movement of pollution from this area towards the water intake will be slow and will take more time than the planned life of the well (25-50 years).
Sanitary protection zones are drawn on maps, information about them is published, and the strict regime belt is marked with all sorts of warning signs and signs on the ground, surrounded by a solid fence, a net with barbed wire, etc.
The well is closed with a decorative warm house, the adjacent territory of the strict regime is fenced around the perimeter, landscaped and kept in perfect order
3. For structures and conduits outside the water intake
Outside the territories related to the intake of water from sources, there are zones of sanitary protection of a strict regime around such waterworks:
- spare tanks, filter stations - 30 m;
- water towers - 10 m;
- pumping units, warehouses for chlorine and reagents, settling tanks, etc. - 15 m.
Sanitary lanes must be laid along the water conduits both on the left and on the right. Their width varies from 10 to 50 m and depends on how high the groundwater rises, what is the diameter of the conduit pipes. If the pipe section does not exceed 1 m, a strip 10 m wide is sufficient, for a pipe with a diameter of more than 1 m, the strip width is doubled, and with high groundwater - up to 50 m, regardless of the size of the pipe.
When a water pipeline is laid through already built-up areas, it is allowed to reduce the area of protection zones, if the sanitary and epidemiological service does not object.
What is prohibited in the ZSANO
The most stringent requirements are imposed on strict regime zones (the first belt). On their territories, it is forbidden to erect buildings and structures, dig trenches or otherwise go deep into the ground, store any materials, apply fertilizers, litter, cut down green spaces, graze livestock, fish, equip moorings for boats, swim.
Prohibition signs are attached next to the warning sign, indicating that it is strictly forbidden to do in the sanitary protection zone
An extensive list of prohibitions has been compiled for the second security belt. Construction and blasting, pile driving and other activities that create vibration are prohibited. It is impossible to dump wastewater, develop the bowels of the earth, cut down forests, place warehouses for pesticides, fertilizers, fuels and lubricants, plow up virgin lands, and drain swamps.
It is not allowed to allocate places for cattle burial grounds, silo and manure pits, livestock and poultry complexes, etc. The use of the protected area for living, active recreation, and sporting events is excluded. It is forbidden to pull water conduits along the territory of landfills, filtration fields, near cemeteries.
How to lay a sewer in relation to the water supply
Accidents on sewer networks are a frequent occurrence, and the reason for this is not only the natural wear of pipes and systems. Sewerage, like water supply, has a security zone, but it is not customary to designate it with signs and signs. The presence of sewer pipes and their location can be judged by wells closed with massive metal covers marked "K" or "GK".
Before starting excavation work in the sewer security zone, it is necessary to study the plans and schemes of engineering communications, obtain appropriate recommendations and expert advice.
Otherwise, it is easy to break a sewer pipe with one careless push of an excavator bucket, and then who will calculate the losses and material costs for restoration? And if there is a water supply nearby, then the damage and negative consequences increase many times over.
The letters "K" or "GK" on the cover of the manhole cover indicate the sewerage or city sewerage, respectively, on the cover of the water well should be written "B"
The security zone of sewerage networks is established in proportion to the pipe section:
- up to 0.6 m in diameter - not less than 5 meters in both directions;
- from 0.6 to 1.0 m and more - 10-25 meters each.
It is necessary to take into account the seismological characteristics of the area, climate and average monthly temperatures, soil moisture and freezing, and soil features. The presence of unfavorable factors is a reason to increase the buffer zone.
The distance to sewer networks located underground from such objects is also regulated:
- sewerage should be 3-5 meters away from any foundations (for pressure, the distance is greater than for gravity);
- from supporting structures, fences, overpasses, the indentation is from 1.5 m to 3.0 m;
- from the railway track - 3.5-4.0 m;
- from the road curb on the carriageway - 2.0 m and 1.5 m (standards for pressure and gravity sewerage);
- from ditches and ditches - 1-1.5 m from the near edge;
- street lighting poles, racks of contact networks - 1-1.5 m;
- supports of high-voltage power lines - 2.5-3 m.
The numbers are reference, accurate engineering calculations allow you to get more reasonable data. If the intersection of water and sewer pipes cannot be avoided, the water supply should be placed above the sewer. When it is technically difficult to implement, a casing is put on the sewer pipes.
The space between it and the working pipe is tightly packed with soil. On loams and clays, the length of the casing is 10 meters, on sands - 20 meters. It is better to cross communications for various purposes at a right angle.
In case of a large-scale sewer break, it is necessary to turn off the supply of tap water so that, if not stopped, then at least reduce the release of fecal water to the outside
When opening water and sewer pipes in connection with repairs, it is allowed to use equipment in earthworks to a certain depth. The last meter of earth above the pipe is removed carefully by hand without the use of a tool with shock and vibration action.
It is strictly forbidden during laying to touch the sanitary zones of water pipes with sewage, but in the city the requirements are less stringent. In urban conditions, with a forced parallel arrangement of main water and sewer pipes, it is necessary to maintain the following distances:
- 10 m for pipes up to 1.0 m in diameter;
- 20 m with a pipe diameter of more than 1.0 m;
- 50 m - on wet ground with any pipe diameter.
For thinner domestic sewer pipes, the distance to other underground utilities is determined by their own standards:
- to the water supply - from 1.5 to 5.0 m, depending on the material and diameter of the pipes;
- to rain drainage systems - 0.4 m;
- to gas pipelines - from 1.0 to 5 m;
- to cables laid underground - 0.5 m;
- to the heating plant - 1.0 m.
The last word on how to ensure the safe coexistence of water supply and sewerage, remains with the specialists of the water utilities. All controversial issues should be resolved during the design process and not come up at the operational stage.
If you do not control domestic and industrial effluents, landfills, the amount of chemical fertilizers and poisons in the fields, water supplies will become unusable
List of regulatory documents
The obligatory creation of a ZSanO, broken down into zones, is provided for by the law “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population” (No. 52FZ, 30.03.99). According to this law, the development of the ZSanO water source must be attached to the project for the operation of the water supply system and formalized as a separate project.
The design of the ZSanO is based on SanPiN with the code 2.1.4.1110-02. This regulatory document defines how to calculate the sanitary protection zones, and describes the requirements for them from the standpoint of sanitation and epidemiology. Ignoring the rules and norms prescribed in SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02 is fraught with a high probability of outbreaks of serious infectious diseases, mass poisoning, epidemics.
Documents with the abbreviation SNiP will also be useful: 40-03-99 (new version 2.04.03-85), 2.07.01-89*, 2.07.01-89*, 2.05.06-85*, 3.05.04-85* , 2.04.02-84 (Section 10 - Sanitary Protection Zones). In building codes and regulations with the indicated codes, you can find the necessary information on the design of water and sewer networks, on the development of settlements, on main pipelines.
The standard for the depth of laying the water supply system is at least 0.5 m from the upper level of the pipe, excluding soil freezing in winter. To the left and right of the trench there is a land allotment for a 10-20 m wide sanitary security strip
Normative materials are the basis for the development of norms, taking into account the local characteristics of a particular region. Approval and adjustment of norms for Sano are carried out by urban and rural administrative authorities.
Responsibility for non-compliance with security rules
Protected zones are a kind of guarantee of the purity of water and its protection from pollution. All business entities and individuals are required to comply with the rules in force in these zones. The following sanctions are provided for violation:
- compensation for damage - the culprit must compensate for the damage caused by unauthorized construction, storage and storage of materials, accumulation of garbage and waste closer than 5 m from the water supply;
- administrative measures, i.e. fines - for neglecting building codes, rules, for the construction of buildings and any other construction without a project approved in advance;
- criminal liability for self-occupation of land plots in sanitary protection zones.
It is foolish to justify as an excuse that you did not know about the location of the security zones - this does not relieve you of responsibility. Before performing any construction, land and other work, you should contact the water utility and find out where the security zones are located in your settlement and its environs, and what actions cannot be carried out in the chosen place. This is the only way to avoid unpleasant and unexpected consequences.
It is not always possible to catch those who throw garbage in the water protection zone at the crime scene, and it remains only to appeal to the conscience and consciousness of all citizens
Since the first zone of the ZSanO must be marked with warning signs, in the absence of them, the responsibility for order in the buffer zone lies with the operating organization, and there is no reason to make claims against those who accidentally intrude into the forbidden territory. But if there are warnings, the violator will not be able to absolve himself of guilt for illegal entry into the sanitary zone and the implementation of any actions there.
Land swindlers who arbitrarily seize plots in the sanitary protection zone for construction can only be fought by toughening penalties and moving from administrative to criminal liability
The legislation of the Russian Federation determines the degree of responsibility and punishment for those who violate sanitary standards and requirements. You can read about this in the Code of the Russian Federation "On Administrative Violations" (No. 195FZ, December 30, 2001). In particular, Article 8.13 deals with water bodies and their protection.
An ordinary person can be fined for violations in the zones of sanitary protection of water pipes and water intakes in the amount of 500 to 1 thousand rubles, an official - 1-2 thousand rubles. Fines for legal entities range from 10 to 20 thousand rubles.
If damage is caused to the sanitary protection zone of a reservoir, lake, river involved in water supply, then the fines are higher - 1-2 thousand rubles, 3-4 thousand rubles and 30-40 thousand rubles, respectively. Compliance with the rules and regulations under the legislation of the Russian Federation is strictly checked.
Video about the organization and calculation of security zones
What does the strict regime sanitary protection zone look like:
How the program for calculating the zones of sanitary protection of underground water intakes works:
Let's summarize… Security zones are an important condition in the creation of water supply systems. And they must fully fulfill their functional purpose if we want clean water to run from the taps. When filtration stations on water pipes cannot cope with the level of pollution, chlorine, which is harmful to health, is added to the water for disinfection. Isn't it better to remember about the environment and not disturb the order in the sanitary protection zones?
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