Letters are the basis of any language in the world, because we use their combination when thinking, speaking or writing. The alphabet of the Russian language is interesting not only as a "building material", but also in the history of its education. In this regard, the question arises: who created the alphabet of the Russian language? Most people will say without hesitation that the main authors of the Russian alphabet are Cyril and Methodius. However, only a few know that they not only created the letters of the alphabet, but began to use signs in writing, and also translated a huge number of church books.
How did the Russian alphabet come about?
From the 9th to the 10th century, one of the largest states was Great Moravia. At the end of 862, its prince Rostislav wrote a letter to the Byzantine Emperor Michael with a plea for permission to conduct divine services in the Slavic language. At that time the inhabitants of Moravia had a common language, but there was no written language. Greek or Latin was used. Emperor Michael granted the prince's request and sent a mission to Moravia in the person of two learned brothers. Cyril and Methodius were well educated and belonged to a noble family. It was they who became the founders of Slavic culture and writing. However, one should not think that until that moment people remained illiterate. They used letters from the Veles book. Who came up with the letters or signs in it is still not known.
An interesting fact is that the brothers created the letters of the alphabet even before their arrival in Moravia. It took them about three years to create the Russian alphabet and arrange the letters into the alphabet. The brothers managed to translate the Bible and liturgical books from the Greek language, henceforth the liturgy in the church was conducted in a language understandable to the local population. Some letters in the alphabet were very similar to Greek and Latin characters. In 863, the alphabet was created, consisting of 49 letters, but later it was abolished to 33 letters. The originality of the created alphabet is that each letter conveys one sound.
I wonder why the letters in the alphabet of the Russian language have a certain sequence? The creators of the Russian alphabet considered letters in terms of ordering numbers. Each letter defines a number, so the letters-numbers are in the ascending direction.
Who invented the Russian alphabet?
In 1917-1918. the first reform was carried out aimed at improving the spelling of the Slavic language. The Ministry of Public Education made a decision to correct the books. The alphabet or the Russian alphabet regularly underwent changes, so the Russian alphabet appeared, which we use now.
The history of the Russian language is fraught with numerous discoveries and secrets:
- The alphabet of the Russian language contains the letter "E". It was introduced by the Academy of Sciences in 1783 by Princess Vorontsova-Dashkova, who headed it at that time. She asked the academics why the first syllable in the word "iolk" is conveyed by two letters. Not receiving an answer that satisfied her, the princess created an order to use the letter "E" in the letter.
- The one who came up with the Russian alphabet did not leave any explanations for the dumb letter "eer". It was used until 1918 after hard consonants. The treasury of the country spent more than 400 thousand rubles on spelling "eer", so the letter was very expensive.
- Another complex letter in the Russian alphabet is "and" or "i". Philologists-reformers could not decide which mark to leave, so significant was the evidence for the importance of their use. This letter in the Russian alphabet was read the same way. The difference between "and" or "i" in the semantic load of the word. For example, "peace" in the meaning of "universe" and "peace" in the meaning of the absence of war. After decades of controversy, the creators of the alphabet left the letter "i".
- The letter "e" in the Russian alphabet was previously called "e revolving". M.V. Lomonosov did not recognize it for a long time, as he considered it borrowed from other languages. But it has successfully taken root among other letters in the Russian alphabet.
The Russian alphabet is full of interesting facts, almost every letter has its own story. But the creation of the alphabet was reflected only in scientific and educational activities. The innovators had to teach new letters to people and, above all, to the clergy. Dogmatics are closely intertwined with clergy and politics. Unable to withstand endless persecution, Cyril dies, and a few years later, Methodius. The gratitude of the descendants cost the brothers dearly.
The alphabet has not changed for a long time. In the last century, according to the old Russian alphabet, children studied at school, so we can say that the modern names of letters came into general use only during the period of Soviet rule. The order of letters in the Russian alphabet has remained the same since the day of its creation, since signs were used to form numbers (although we have long been using Arabic numerals).
The Old Slavic alphabet, created in the ninth century, became the basis for the formation of writing among many peoples. Cyril and Methodius made a colossal contribution to the history of the development of the Slavic languages. Already in the ninth century, it was understood that not every nationality had the honor to use its own alphabet. We use the brothers' heritage to this day.
“Where does the Motherland begin”, as it is sung in an old and soulful song? And it starts small: with love for the native language, with the alphabet. Since childhood, we are all accustomed to a certain type of letters in the alphabet of the Russian language. And as a rule, we rarely think about: when and under what conditions did it arise? Nevertheless, the presence and emergence of writing is an important and fundamental milestone in the historical maturation of every nation in the world, contributing to the development of its national culture and self-consciousness. Sometimes, in the depths of centuries, the specific names of the creators of the writing of a particular people are lost. But in the Slavic context, this was not the case. And those who came up with the Russian alphabet are still known. Let us and you and I learn more about these people.
The very word "alphabet" is derived from the first two letters: alpha and beta. It is known that the ancient Greeks put a lot of effort into the development and dissemination of writing in many European countries. Who was the first to invent the alphabet in world history? There is a scientific debate about this. The main hypothesis is the "alphabet" Sumerian, which appears about five thousand years ago. Egyptian is also considered one of the most ancient (of the known). Writing developed from drawings to signs, turning into graphic systems. And the signs began to display sounds.
It is difficult to overestimate the development of writing in the history of mankind. The language of the people, its writing reflected life, everyday life and knowledge, historical and mythological characters. Thus, by reading ancient inscriptions, modern scientists can recreate what our ancestors lived.
History of the Russian alphabet
It has, one might say, a unique origin. Its history is about a thousand years old, it keeps many secrets.
Cyril and Methodius
The creation of the alphabet is firmly associated with these names in the question of who invented the Russian alphabet. Let's go back to the 9th century. At that time (830-906) Great Moravia (region of the Czech Republic) was one of the largest European states. And Byzantium was the center of Christianity. In 863, Prince of Moravia Rostislav appealed to Michael III, the Byzantine emperor at that time, with a request to hold services in the Slavic language to strengthen the influence of Byzantine Christianity in the region. In those days, it is worth noting that the cult went only in those languages that were displayed on the Jesus cross: Hebrew, Latin and Greek.
The Byzantine ruler, in response to Rostislav's proposal, sends a Moravian mission to him, consisting of two brothers-monks, the sons of a noble Greek who lived in Saluni (Thessaloniki). Michael (Methodius) and Constantine (Cyril) are considered the official creators of the Slavic alphabet for church ministry. It is in honor of the church name Cyril and was named "Cyrillic". Konstantin himself was younger than Mikhail, but even his brother recognized his intelligence and superiority in knowledge. Cyril knew many languages and was fluent in oratory, participated in religious verbal disputes, was a wonderful organizer. This, according to many scientists, allowed him (along with his brother and other assistants) to combine and synthesize data, creating the alphabet. But the history of the Russian alphabet began long before the Moravian mission. And that's why.
Who invented the Russian alphabet (alphabet)
The fact is that historians have unearthed an interesting fact: even before their departure, the brothers had already created a Slavic alphabet, well adapted to transmit the speech of the Slavs. It was called the Glagolitic (it was recreated on the basis of Greek writing with elements of Coptic and Hebrew signs).
Glagolitic or Cyrillic?
Today, scientists from different countries for the most part recognize the fact that the first was still the Glagolitic alphabet, created by Cyril back in 863 in Byzantium. He presented it in a fairly short time frame. And another, different from the previous one, the Cyrillic alphabet was invented in Bulgaria, a little later. And there are still disputes over the authorship of this, undoubtedly, the cornerstone invention for all-Slavic history. After that, a brief history of the Russian alphabet (Cyrillic) is as follows: in the tenth century it penetrates into Russia from Bulgaria, and its written recording was fully formed only in the XIV century. In a more modern form - from the end of the 16th century.
Kuban State University
Faculty of Management and Psychology
on documentation on the topic:
"History of the Russian alphabet: from antiquity to the present day"
Completed by a student
2nd year preschool educational institution:
Elena Teterleva
Krasnodar 2010
Introduction
1. The emergence of the Slavic alphabet
2. Cyrillic letters and their names
3. The composition of the Russian alphabet
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Conveying speech in writing, letters are used, each of which has a specific meaning. A set of letters arranged in a prescribed order is called alphabet or alphabet.
Word alphabet comes from the name of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet: α-alpha; β- beta(in modern Greek - vita).
Word ABC comes from the name of the first two letters of the ancient Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic: A - az; B - beeches.
How did the alphabet come about? How did it develop in Russia? The answers to these questions can be found in this abstract.
1. THE RISE OF THE SLAVIC ABC
Alphabet is a system of letters that convey sounds or phonemes of a language. Almost all known alphabetic writing systems have a common origin: they go back to the Semitic writing of Phenicia, Syria, Palestine in the 2nd millennium BC.
The Phoenicians, who lived on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, were famous sailors in ancient times. They were active in trade with the Mediterranean states. In the IX century. BC e. the Phoenicians introduced their writing to the Greeks. The Greeks somewhat modified the outlines of the Phoenician letters and their names, preserving the order.
In the 1st millennium BC. e. Southern Italy was colonized by the Greeks. As a result of this, various peoples of Italy got acquainted with the Greek letter, including the Latins - the Italic tribe that founded Rome. The classic Latin alphabet was finally formed in the 1st century. BC e. Some Greek letters were not included in the Latin alphabet. In the era of the Roman Empire, the Latin language and writing were widely spread. Its influence increased in the Middle Ages due to the transition to. Christianity of all the peoples of Europe. Latin became a liturgical language in all states of Western Europe, and Latin writing became the only acceptable script for liturgical books. As a result, Latin has been the international language for centuries.
On the territory of Central Eastern Europe, inhabited by the Slavs, starting from the VI-VII centuries. there are separate unions of Slavic tribes, state associations.
ВIX century. the state union of the Western Slavs was known - the Moravian principality, located on the territory of present-day Slovakia. German feudal lords sought to subjugate Moravia politically, economically and culturally. German missionaries were sent to Moravia to preach Christianity in Latin. This threatened the political independence of the state. In an effort to preserve independence, the far-sighted Moravian prince Rostislav sent an embassy to the Byzantine emperor Michael III with a request to send teachers (preachers of Christianity according to the Byzantine rite) to Moravia, who would teach the inhabitants of Moravia Christianity in their native language. Michael III entrusted the Moravian mission to Constantine (monastic name - Cyril) and his brother Methodius. The brothers were natives of the city of Soluni (now Thessaloniki), which at that time was part of the Slavic (Bulgarian) territory and was the cultural center of Macedonia, Ancient Solun was a bilingual city in which, in addition to the Greek language, the Slavic dialect sounded.
Constantine was a very educated person for his time. Even before his trip to Moravia, he compiled the Slavic alphabet and began to translate the Gospel into the Slavic language. In Moravia, Constantine and Methodius continued to translate church books from Greek into the Slavic language, taught the Slavs to read, write and conduct worship in the Slavic language. The brothers stayed in Moravia for more than three years, and then went with their disciples to Rome to the Pope. There they hoped to find support in the struggle against the German clergy, who did not want to give up their positions in Moravia and hindered the spread of Slavic writing. On the way to Rome, they visited another Slavic country - Pannonia (Lake Balaton region, Hungary). And here the brothers taught the Slavs to book and worship in the Slavic language.
In Rome, Constantine was tonsured a monk, taking the name Cyril. In the same place, in 869, Cyril was poisoned. Before his death, he wrote to Methodius: "You and I are like two oxen; one fell from a heavy burden, the other must continue on his way." Methodius, with his disciples who were ordained priests, returned to Pannonia, and later to Moravia.
By that time, the situation in Moravia had changed dramatically. After Rostislav's death, his prisoner Svyatopolk became the Moravian prince, who submitted to German political influence. The activity of Methodius and his disciples proceeded in very difficult conditions. The Latin-German clergy in every possible way prevented the spread of the Slavic language as the language of the church.
Methodius was imprisoned, where he dies in 885, and after that his opponents managed to achieve the prohibition of Slavic writing in Moravia. Many students were executed, some moved to Bulgaria and Croatia. In Bulgaria, Tsar Boris converted to Christianity in 864. Bulgaria becomes the center for the spread of Slavic writing. Here Slavic schools are created, Cyril and Methodius originals of liturgical books (Gospel, Psalter, Apostle, church services) are being copied "new Slavic translations from Greek are made, original works in Old Slavonic appear (" 0 writing of Chrnorizets the Brave ").
The widespread use of Slavic writing, its "golden age", dates back to the reign of Simeon in Bulgaria (893-927), the son of Boris. Later, the Old Slavonic language penetrates into Serbia, and at the end of the 10th century. becomes the language of the church in Kievan Rus.
The Old Church Slavonic language, being the language of the Church in Russia, was influenced by the Old Russian language. It was the Old Slavonic language of the Russian edition, as it included elements of lively East Slavic speech.
The Old Slavonic alphabets, which have written the monuments that have survived to this day, are called verb and Cyrillic... The first Old Church Slavonic monuments were written in the Glagolitic script, which is believed to have been created by Constantine on the basis of the Greek cursive script of the 9th century. with the addition of some letters from other oriental alphabets. This is a very peculiar, intricate, loop-shaped letter, which for a long time in a slightly modified form was used by the Croats (until the 17th century). The appearance of the Cyrillic alphabet, which goes back to the Greek statutory (solemn) letter, is associated with the activities of the Bulgarian school of scribes. Cyrillic is the Slavic alphabet that underlies the modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian alphabets.
2. LETTERS OF CYRILLIC AND THEIR NAMES
Figure 1 - "Cyrillic letters and their names"
The Cyrillic alphabet, shown in Figure 1, has undergone gradual improvement as it is used in Russian.
The development of the Russian nation at the beginning of the 18th century, the emerging needs for printing civilian books made it necessary to simplify the outlines of the letters of the Cyril alphabet.
In 1708, a Russian civil type was created, and Peter I himself took an active part in making the sketches of the letters. In 1710, a sample of the new alphabet was approved. This was the first reform of Russian graphics. The essence of the Peter's reform was to simplify the composition of the Russian alphabet by excluding from it such obsolete and unnecessary letters as "psi", "xi", "omega", "izhytsa", "earth", "ilk", "yus small". However, later, probably under the influence of the clergy, some of these letters were restored to use. The letter E ("E" is the reverse) was introduced in order to distinguish it from the letter E, as well as the letter I instead of the small iota.
For the first time, uppercase (large) and lowercase (small) letters are installed in civilian type.
Letter Y ( and short) was introduced by the Academy of Sciences in 1735. The letter E was first used by N.M. Karamzin in 1797 to denote the sound [o] under stress after soft consonants, for example: palate, dark.
In the XVIII century. in the literary language, the sound denoted by the letter b ( yat), coincided with the sound [ eh ]. Thus, Bush was practically unnecessary to Kommersant, but according to tradition, it remained in the Russian alphabet for a long time, until 1917-1918.
The spelling reform of 1917-1918. two letters were excluded that duplicated each other: "yat", "fita", "and decimal". Letter b ( ep) was only kept as a separator, b ( er) - as a separator and to indicate the softness of the preceding consonant. In relation to Y, the decree contains a clause about the desirability, but not necessarily the use of this letter. Reform of 1917-1918 simplified the Russian writing and thereby made it easier to learn to read and write.
3. COMPOSITION OF THE RUSSIAN ALPHABET
In the Russian alphabet, 33 letters, of which 10 denote vowel sounds, 21 - consonants and 2 letters do not denote special sounds, but serve to convey certain sound features. The Russian alphabet, shown in Table 1, has uppercase (large) and lowercase (small) letters, printed and handwritten letters.
Table 1 - Russian alphabet and the name of the letters
CONCLUSION
Throughout the history of the Russian alphabet, there was a struggle with "superfluous" letters, crowned with a partial victory in the reforming of graphics by Peter I (1708-1710) and a final victory in the spelling reform of 1917-1918.
Introduction ………………………………………………………………… .... 1
The origin of the Russian language ………………………………………… ...... 2
The origin of the Russian alphabet ………………………………………… 4
The value of birch bark letters for the history of the Russian language ……………… .. 5
Church Slavonic language ……………………………………………… .. 6
Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… ... 7
List of used literature ………………………………………. eight
Introduction
The Russian language is one of the East Slavic languages, one of the largest languages in the world, the national language of the Russian people, a means of interethnic communication of the peoples of the former USSR, is one of the most common languages in the world. One of the official and working languages of the United Nations. Modern Russian is the state language of Russia. When researching this topic, the origin, distinctive features of the Russian language will be revealed. And it will also be clarified when the Russian language appeared, from which languages it originated, why it has the name Russian, and not some other name, which contributed to the development of the Russian language. This topic was chosen because the Russian language is constantly changing, and scientists, linguists are studying more deeply the features of the Russian language.
The origin of the Russian language
In addition to its modern name, the Russian language had two others: Great Russian and Russian, which in turn shows the antiquity of the origin and greatness of the Russian language. The Russian language was constantly changing and the modern language does not look like the ancient one. The modern Russian language is derived from Old Russian. The Old Russian language was spoken by the East Slavic tribes, which formed in the 9th century. Old Russian nationality within the Kiev state. The origins of Russian begin far in the past, as early as 1-2 centuries BC. The Old Russian (East Slavic) language was the language of the Old Russian people, and it existed from the 7th to the 14th century. Writing emerges on the basis of the East Slavic language. But in the 13-14 centuries, as a result of the Polish-Lithuanian conquests, the Old Russian nationality disintegrated, and 3 centers of new ethno-linguistic associations were formed that fought for their Slavic identity: northeastern (Great Russians), southern (Ukrainians) and western (Belarusians). And in the 14-15th centuries, these associations formed independent East Slavic languages: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian. The Russian language of the era of Moscow Russia (14-17 centuries) had a complex history. Dialectal features continued to develop. Two main dialectal zones were formed - the North Great Russian and the South Great Russian dialects, overlapping with other dialectal divisions. In medieval Muscovy, several languages existed simultaneously:
1. Near-Slavic Koine
2. Turkic languages
3.Bulgarian language
It was these languages that became the basis of the Russian language.
Since the 17th century, the Russian language begins to develop rapidly. Secular writing begins to spread. As a result of the development of terminology, words and expressions were borrowed from Western European languages. Big
the influence in the development of the Russian language was played by the language theory of M.V. Lomonosov: "The theory of three calm" or the doctrine of three styles. The doctrine of three styles is a classification of styles in rhetoric and poetics, distinguishing three styles: high, medium and low (simple). MV Lomonosov used the doctrine of three styles to build the stylistic system of the Russian language and Russian literature. Three "calm" according to Lomonosov:
1) High calm - high, solemn, stately. Genres: ode, heroic poems, tragedies, oratory.
2) Average calm - elegies, dramas, satires, eclogs, friendly compositions.
3) Low calm - comedies, letters, songs, fables.
An important role in the development of the Russian language is played by A.S. Pushkin. It is with the work of Pushkin that the modern Russian literary language begins, rich and diverse linguistic styles (artistic, journalistic, scientific, etc.) are formed, closely related to each other, all-Russian phonetic, grammatical and lexical norms are compulsory for all who know the literary language, and the lexical system is enriched. Russian writers of the 19th and 20th centuries played an important role in the development and formation of the Russian literary language. The Russian language is becoming the interethnic language of communication between the peoples of the USSR. An extensive study of the Russian language began in the 20th century. The manifestation of interest in Russian literature in foreign countries begins. The International Association of Teachers of the Russian Language and Literature, the Institute of the Russian Language named after A.S. Pushkin, Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. And now the Russian language is developing, and the activities of the institutes and departments of the Russian language are aimed at studying and ordering the processes taking place in the Russian language.
The origin of the Russian alphabet
Around 860, the brothers Cyril and Methodius ordered Slavic symbols, that is, they created the Cyrillic alphabet. But the modern Russian alphabet originated from the Old Russian alphabet, which originated from the Bulgarian Cyrillic alphabet. And the date of the adoption of Christianity in Russia is considered the date of the appearance of the Old Russian Cyrillic alphabet. At first, there were 43 letters in the alphabet. But after Peter1 came to power, writing reforms began to take place and as a result, 33 letters remained in the alphabet, which we use to this day. “The last major reform of writing was carried out in 1917-1918 - as a result, the current Russian alphabet, consisting of 33 letters, appeared. This alphabet also became the written basis of most of the languages of the USSR, the writing for which was absent before the 20th century or was replaced during the years of Soviet power. " With the development of the alphabet, the improvement of the Russian language took place. The Old Russian Cyrillic alphabet had a significant impact on the origin of the Russian language, because the Cyrillic alphabet was and is a part of the Russian language. Without the alphabet, there would be no writing, and without writing, no language will develop.
Irina Emelyanova
"History of the alphabet" (research work)
MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
"BASIC SCHOOL № 2"
« ALPHABET HISTORY»
(research)
COMPLETED:
Glotov Maxim,
Wagner Angela,
Ilya Korotenko,
pupils 3 "A" class
SUPERVISOR:
Emelyanova
Irina Anatolyevna,
primary school teacher
Stary Oskol
Introduction 2
I. Main part 3
1. Glagolitic history 3
2. The contribution of Cyril and Methodius to the development of Slavic culture 3
3. Distribution of the Cyrillic alphabet in Russia 5
4. The first Russian primer I. Fedorov 7
5. Alphabet of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy 8
6. Modern Russian alphabet 8
II. Conclusion 10
III Bibliography 11
Introduction
There are different languages: Russian, Ukrainian, English, French, Swedish. Each of these languages has its own alphabet- the order of the letters. V alphabet each letter has its place. Number of letters in different alphabets are also different... For example, in English alphabet with only 26 letters, and in Russian - 33 letters. Each letter has its own place, name and spelling.
The Russian alphabet is a completely unique phenomenon among all known methods of letter writing.
The idea of creating a project arose in an English lesson, when we learned that in English alphabet with only 26 letters, and in Russian - 33 letters. The information received prompted us to study stories origin of Russian alphabet.
Project type: informational research. Development of of our project took place inside the school, with the participation of children and adults. Our project is collective.
Target research: creating an electronic guide « History of the alphabet» .
Thing research: Russian alphabet.
Purpose and subject research made it necessary to address the following tasks:
Meet to history creation and development of Russian alphabet;
Analysis of literary sources and online resources on the topic research;
Prepare creative research papers.
During research we analyzed the literature on ABC stories prepared creative work on this topic using Internet resources.
1. History of Glagolitic
Glagolitic is one of the first (along with Cyrillic) Slavic alphabet. It is assumed that it was the Slavic educator St. Konstantin (Kirill) Philosopher for recording church texts in the Slavic language
A number of facts indicate that the Glagolitic alphabet is an earlier alphabet than the Cyrillic alphabet.
Russian alphabet formed on the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet.
2. Contribution of Cyril and Methodius to the development of Slavic culture
Creators of the Slavic alphabet Konstantin (when he was tonsured a monk, he was named Cyril) (827-869) and Methodius (815-885) originated from the Byzantine city of Soluni (now Soloniki in Northern Greece, in which a large Slavic population lived and the Slavs held many official posts. The brothers' father was rich and "Kind", held a significant position in Solunya under the command of the Solunsky strategist - a military leader,
Cyril began attending school at the age of eight. He studied diligently, mastered the Greek language, counting, mastered horse riding and military techniques. But his favorite pastime was reading books. After the death of his father, he left Thessalonia and went to Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Among Cyril's teachers, perhaps the most significant was the future patriarch Photius, an expert on ancient culture. Students studied the poems of Homer, the tragedies of Sophocles, philosophical writings Aristotle... Cyril, one of the best students, was accepted into government service.
Cyril, who knew well not only Greek, Arabic and Latin, but also the language of the Slavs, was sent to Bulgaria with an educational mission. But the enlightenment of the Slavs turned out to be impossible without books in their native language. Therefore, Cyril began to create the Slavic alphabet. His first assistant was his elder brother Methodius, who retired from military service to a monastery.
On May 24, 863, in the town of Pliska, which at that time was the capital of Bulgaria, the brothers Cyril and Methodius announced the invention of the Slavic alphabet.
In the same year 863, the brothers arrived in Moravia with the created alphabet and ready-made translations. For forty months until the spring of 867, they educated the Slavs in Moravia. And at the end of 867 - beginning of 868, the Pope invited Cyril and Methodius to Rome. There they got the right to educate the people. But in Rome, Cyril suddenly fell ill, and on February 14, 869, the creator of Slavic writing, the first teacher of the Slavs, died. Methodius became the successor of his brother's work. On April 4, 885, Methodius died.
In 988, a palace school was opened in Kiev "Book teachings"... A new center of book culture emerged, which united Kievan Rus with European civilization.
So on historical the arena, a Slavic school appeared, the founders of which were the brothers Cyril and Methodius.
3. The spread of the Cyrillic alphabet in Russia
In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet became widespread after the adoption of Christianity (988g.).In Peter's time, the tsar's decree simplified the spelling and abolished the letters "Yus small", "Yus big", "Xi", "psi", "Zelo", "Omega" who became a burden in Russian alphabet... In the second half of the 18th century, Russian alphabet replenished with new letters that were not in the Slavic alphabet. These are the letters "and short" and e. At the beginning of the 20th century, a need arose in Russia to simplify alphabet and spelling... This reform was carried out in 1918. By the decree of the People's Commissar of Education, the letters "I decimal", "Yat", "Fit", "Izhitsa" and the letter "Ep" at the end of words. This is a movement from 43 letters of the Cyrillic alphabet to 33 letters of modern Russian alphabet can you imagine So: 43-14+4=33.
Russian alphabet descended from the Old Russian Cyrillic alphabet, which, in turn, was borrowed from the Bulgarians and became widespread in Russia after the adoption of Christianity (988).
At this point, there were apparently 43 letters in it. Later, 4 new letters were added, and 14 old ones were at various times excluded as unnecessary, since the corresponding sounds disappeared. The earliest disappeared iotated yus (
Then the big yus (returning in the 15th century, but disappearing again at the beginning of the 17th century, and the iotated E () ; the rest of the letters, sometimes slightly changing their meaning and shape, have survived to this day as part of the alphabet of the Church Slavonic language, which for a long time was considered identical with the Russian alphabet. Spelling reforms of the second half (related to "Correcting books" under Patriarch Nikon) recorded the following set letters: A, B, C, D, D, E (with a spelling different option Є, which was sometimes considered a separate letter and was put in the alphabet in place of the current E, that is, after b, F, S, 3, I (with a spelling different option Y for the sound [j], which was not considered a separate letter, I, K, L, M, N, O (in two spelling differences outlines: "Narrow" and "Wide", P, P, S, T, U (in two spelling differences outlines:, Ф, X, (in two spelling differences outlines: "Narrow" and "Wide", as well as in the ligature "from", usually considered a separate letter, Ts, Ch, Sh, Sh, b, Y, b, b, Y, Y (in two outlines: IA and & $ 1126, which were sometimes considered different letters, sometimes not, V. Sometimes the alphabet also included a capital yus) and the so-called "Hic"(as the current letter "Y", although they did not have a sound meaning and were not used in a single word.
The Russian alphabet remained in this form until the reforms of Peter 1708-1711. By 1917 alphabet came in 34-letter (officially; actually there were 37 letters) the composition: A, B, C, D, D, E, (E was not considered a separate letter, F, 3, I, (Y was not considered a separate letter, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S , T, U, F, X, Ts, Ch, Sh, Sh, B, Y, B, B, E, YU, Y,? Was considered no longer included in Russian alphabet).
The last major reform of writing was carried out in 1918 - as a result of it, the present Russian alphabet consisting of 33 letters. This alphabet also became the basis of many early-written languages (for which the written language was absent or was lost before the 20th century and was introduced in the republics of the USSR after the October Socialist Revolution).
4. The first Russian primer I. Fedorov
The first Russian primer was written and published by Ivan Fedorov in 1574. It was a full-fledged educational book that was snapped up and read literally to the core. It is interesting that Fedorov did not name his primer in any way, therefore sometimes his book was called the ABC or Grammar. Of course, Fedorov's book differs from the current primers and alphabets, but they are all built like this the same: from simple to complex, from letter to word, from word to sentence, from sentence to story.
The book was printed by master Ivan Fedorov at the Moscow printing yard.
The great master foresaw that with the invention of the printing press, books would cease to be a great rarity and could fall into the hands of any person. Ivan Fedorov was concerned not only with the distribution of books in Russia, but also with the spread of literacy. He dreamed that more and more people could read and write.
5. Alphabet of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy
The great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy organized a school for peasant children in the Yasnaya Polyana estate, where he himself was a teacher stories... For the students of the Yasnaya Polyana school, he wrote the alphabet. Our great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers studied this alphabet.
6. Modern Russian alphabet
Modern russian the alphabet consists of 33 letters
Russian alphabet(Russian alphabet) - Russian alphabet, in its current form with 33 letters has actually existed since 1918 (officially only since 1942 of the year: previously it was believed that in Russian alphabet 32 letters, since E and E were considered as variants of the same letter).
II. Conclusion
By pursuing research work, we got results: learned about stories origin of Russian alphabet, about the creators of the Slavic alphabet, monk brothers Cyril and Methodius, about the Glagolitic alphabet (predecessor of the Cyrillic alphabet)... We were interested to learn about the first Russian primer, created by the pioneer printer Ivan Fedorov, about the alphabet of L. N. Tolstoy. This research contributed to that some of the guys in our class made up their own puzzles about alphabet prepared information sheets "Obsolete letters alphabet» .
On May 24, Russia will celebrate a holiday, the Day of Slavic Written Language and Culture. Our electronic travel guide will help primary school students find out who was at the origins of this holiday... The guide will also be interesting for first graders when studying the topic. "First Primer", "The ABC of L. N. Tolstoy"... It turns out to be very interesting research, explore pages history of their state.
III Bibliography
1. Bernstein S. B. Constantine - philosopher and Methodius. M., 1989
2. Bochenkova O. Solunskie brothers // Reading, learning, playing. 2003
3. Golovin N. N. My first Russian story... M .: Ton press, 1999.
4. Entertaining ABC studies: Book. for parents, teachers and lovely children / Ed. - comp. V.V. Volina, Art. L. I. Rudakovskaya. - 2nd ed. rev. - M .: Education, 1994 .-- 400 p .: ill. - ISBN 5-09-005981-0
5. Story Russia from ancient times to the 19th century. M .: AST, Astrel, 1999 (Great children's encyclopedia).
6. Ukhanova E. V. U origins Slavic writing. M., 1998.
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