According to environmental standards, a local sewage system must be installed at each suburban area, which cleans and disposes of domestic wastewater. Household cleaning Wastewater can be produced by small devices or by a whole complex of different devices. How to build a sewage treatment plant yourself, read on.

Existing wastewater treatment methods

Currently, household wastewater treatment is carried out in the following ways:

• mechanical. This method consists in cleaning wastewater from large particles: sand, grease, and so on. For mechanical cleaning, such structures are used as an ordinary grate or sieve, a sand trap, a sump;

• biological. This method is based on the work of microorganisms (from which it got its name), which feed on various types of pollution. As a result of biological treatment, impurities contained in the effluent are decomposed into water and gas, which is discharged through a special pipe.

Biological treatment can be carried out using:

• biofilter, which is installed in a septic tank, collection or filter well. Cleaning is done with anaerobic bacteria;

• air filter. In this cleaning element, cleaning is carried out using aerobic bacteria, which require air access for operation.

In industrial wastewater treatment plants, cleaning methods such as physicochemical or chemical, which are based on the interaction of contaminants with special substances, can be used.

How to make a sewage treatment plant yourself

Domestic wastewater treatment plants can be purchased in specialized stores or made yourself. Each system must contain:

• filter coarse mechanical cleaning, which are installed before a septic tank or sump;
• biological wastewater treatment plant;
• purified water receiver.

Mechanical cleaning

Mechanical treatment plants allow removing large particles from wastewater: sand, grease, oil films, and so on. To properly build a mechanical cleaning system, you must:

1. at the exit from the sewer system of the house, install a rake grate. This will remove the largest particles from the incoming water;

1. further, the water purified from large impurities must enter the sand trap for mechanical cleaning from smaller impurities.

If there is a large amount of fatty deposits in the wastewater, then the system is supplemented with a grease trap.

Biological treatment

After rough cleaning of the effluent, you can start biological cleaning. For this, the following types of devices are installed in the system of a local treatment plant:

• septic tank with biofilter. Inside the septic tank, depending on the size and cost of the device, there are several cameras. The first and second chambers are used as sedimentation tanks, in which particles that were not captured during mechanical cleaning are deposited. The third chamber is equipped with a biofilter. The biofilter itself can consist of slag, gravel, crushed stone and other similar materials. When water passes through the biofilter, wastewater is purified by about 90%;

• aerotank or metatenk. The final treatment of the effluent is carried out in completely sealed devices. The aeration tank can also consist of several compartments, for example, primary cleaning and secondary cleaning. A sump is mandatory between the treatment compartments.

If a single-chamber aeration tank is installed in the system, then an additional sedimentation tank is required for final cleaning.

How to make the installation correctly treatment facilities provided by the diagram, see the video.

Receiver

Where to organize the discharge of domestic wastewater after treatment? Purified water can be:

• reused, but exclusively for household needs: washing paths, cars, windows, floors, and so on, as well as for watering plants. For this purpose, water from the treatment plant must enter a special receiver (collecting well, barrel, and so on);
• dump into sewers and natural reservoirs located near the summer cottage;
• let it into the ground.

If water is not supposed to be reused, and there are no reservoirs nearby, then you can build:

• filter well;

The filter well is a small container without a bottom. To equip it, you need:

• concrete rings, plastic frame or brick. The well itself is constructed from these materials as a receiving tank;
• gravel, crushed stone, sand. Materials are required so that the waters undergo additional purification, do not harm the plants on the site;
• pipes for connecting the device with;
• a cover to give the well an aesthetic appearance, and also to be placed for safety reasons.

According to the rules of environmental safety, the filter well is installed at a distance of 10 m from a residential building, 25 m from a drinking well and 5 m - 7 m from cultural plantings.

For faster filtration of treated effluents, a filtration field can be built. A significant disadvantage of such a structure is its large size, which allows it to be used in areas with a sufficient amount of free space.

To build a filtration field, you will need:

• sand or gravel, which are used as an additional element of the cleaning system;
• pipes with holes, laid over the entire area of ​​the site and constituting the drainage network;
• covering material such as geotextile.

Thus, the local cleaning system is developed by the user independently or with the help of specialists. Each system must have a user-selected mechanical and biological treatment facility. When choosing devices for cleaning, it is required to be guided not only by the type of equipment and the functions performed, but also by the size based on the daily consumption of oxen by everyone living in the house.

The uncontrolled discharge of waste water provokes irreparable environmental consequences.

Peculiarities

In terms of its structure, the drainage network of an industrial enterprise is much more complicated than a conventional sewage system in a private or even apartment building... The components of an industrial sewage system are as follows.

A communications network for the disposal of household and fecal waters.

Waste water network from production.

Discharge of clean and conditionally clean effluents (storm sewers).

Large enterprises have their own treatment facilities, taking into account the specifics of production. For example, runoff from tanneries must be allowed to sit for a long time to prevent waste from clogging up city sewers. Wastewater from chemical plants is treated to avoid environmental pollution.

Cleaning the sewage system in an industrial enterprise is a difficult and time-consuming process. Small enterprises do not have stationary treatment plants. Wastewater is discharged into sedimentation tanks, then using the services of companies equipped with special equipment. This technique is very convenient and maneuverable, it can work on objects with inconvenient access roads, as well as pump out wastewater from a considerable depth. The use of a vacuum loader is an environmentally friendly process, since the loader pumps out all effluents, including those with hazardous impurities.

Thus, there is no standard, typical industrial sewerage scheme. When designing a sewer network, engineers need to consider the following factors.

Wastewater volume.

The nature of the effluent.

Chemical composition and temperature. ... Reusable in production.

Extraction capabilities for valuable chemicals.

Methods and degree of cleaning.

Most often, industrial sewage is connected to a centralized city system. This is one of the most profitable options. When industrial wastewater is diluted with domestic wastewater, subsequent treatment becomes much easier. However, the discharge of industrial effluents into the city sewerage system is strictly regulated. For this reason, it is so important right choice and installation of treatment facilities. If the wastewater contains only inorganic impurities, it is advisable to collect them in special tanks. After settling, they are suitable for reuse in the production process. At some enterprises, installations have been installed that allow you to extract valuable substances from wastewater (wool fat, non-ferrous metals, etc.). As a rule, membrane treatment is used, which allows to simultaneously solve two problems: to qualitatively purify waste water and obtain valuable raw materials, which can be put back into production.

Storm sewer

The tasks of "storm water" at industrial enterprises are as follows.

• ... Roofing water diversion.
• ... Collection of water from washing complexes.
• ... Accumulation of water coming from roads.

The storm sewer of an industrial enterprise can be connected to the city-wide network if the waters do not contain insoluble inorganic impurities and similar chemical compounds. If water contains insoluble impurities, it must be mechanically cleaned. With a poor throughput of the city sewer network, special tanks are installed on the territory of the enterprise, from which a uniform discharge of wastewater into the general network is carried out.

Modes of operation

There are 2 types of modes of industrial sewer systems.

Gravity - the use of natural terrain for the transportation of wastewater. The main advantage of this method of transportation is minimal energy consumption.

Pressurized - the transportation of wastewater to the treatment facilities and further, to the discharge point, is carried out using pumps.

The specifics of the work of many enterprises do not allow choosing a particular mode. Most often, there is a combination of both methods of waste disposal.

Care issues

Sewerage cleaning is an urgent issue for all industries, and there can be no exceptions here. Lack of proper care can lead to unpredictable consequences. The specificity of cleaning is as follows.

Most industrial effluents contain toxic and suspended organic matter. This means that you cannot do without specialized equipment that professional companies are equipped with.

Cleaning an industrial sewer system is an individual, non-standard process. Wastewater has different chemical composition, and in no case should you mix them. In each case, it is necessary to develop an individual cleaning algorithm. Basics of a professional approach to sewer cleaning In order for the enterprise to function stably and not stand idle, at least once a year, a preventive cleaning of the sewage system should be carried out. If done correctly, the risk of blockages is minimal. On the contrary, if you neglect prevention, the settling of mud and industrial waste on the pipes gradually leads to a complete loss of their patency. One-time removal of the blockage is only a half-measure. A professional approach implies the elimination of precisely the cause of the blockage.

All cleaning activities are divided into 2 large groups.

Urgent (clearing an already formed blockage).

Preventive (the passability of the pipes is still only partially violated).

The works differ from each other in speed and degree of efficiency. Prophylaxis can take several days, while the deadlines for emergency elimination of the blockage are much shorter.

Cleaning methods

Chemical, thermochemical. Assumes the use of synthetic compounds to dissolve blockages. The method is highly effective, but the wrong choice chemicals can lead to pipe damage (thinning or even damage to the integrity).

Mechanical. It is used when the blockages are too strong or if the blockage has caused a foreign object to enter the pipe. For mechanical cleaning, a cable with a nozzle is used.

Hydrodynamic. The elimination of the blockage is carried out with a water jet, which is supplied under a strong pressure. The head is 150-300 atmospheres.

Depending on the size of the blockage, the pressure value and the type of nozzle are selected. This is an effective and at the same time gentle method that gives good results even with low temperatures... The risk of damage to pipes, regardless of the material of manufacture, is practically zero. ... Pneumohydropulse.

Hydrodynamics

When cleaning drainage systems, special hydrodynamic machines are used. There are 2 types of hydrodynamic machines.

Powerful units, which are moved by trucks.

Small devices for internal sewerage.

The complete set of equipment depends on a specific model, manufacturer and price segment. However, any model includes a water tank, a system of hoses and nozzles. Correct selection this or that nozzle makes it possible to effectively clean the pipe from contamination.

There are these types of attachments.

... "Chain Carousel". With its help, it is possible to remove foreign objects that have fallen into the sewer. ... Bottom nozzles - clean the pipes from silt and sand.

Punching - used to eliminate neglected dirt.

Rotary - for removing fat deposits.

Complex - a universal option. It is used in the elimination of various types of pollution.

Chemical, thermochemical methods Thermal method (dissolution of clogging hot water) is especially effective for eliminating fat "plugs". It is also used for cleaning stormwaters in the cold season. Cannot be used if pipes are made of PP and PVC. The chemical method involves the use of certified chemicals, which, for greater efficiency, are pre-foamed using special equipment. In addition to cleaning agents, chemical compounds with a disinfecting effect are used at the same time.

Pneumohydroimpulse method

This is an efficient and environmentally friendly way. It is carried out using special equipment. Short multiple pulses are fed into the pipeline. When a sound wave passes through a liquid medium, cavitation bubbles are formed. When bubbles collapse, a shock wave is formed, the power of which is sufficient to tear off pollution particles from the pipe. The power of the device is sufficient to eliminate any blockages and contaminants. The machines are also equipped with special sludge pumps and cisterns of about 14 thousand liters, which makes it possible to clean pipes on the largest scale. Comprehensive work to eliminate blockages involves the use of at least two types of cleaning. One - to directly remove the blockage, the other, in order to eliminate the root cause.

When choosing a particular technique, such factors are taken into account.

Blockage dimensions. ... The material from which the pipes are made.

The degree of wear and tear of communications.

Sewerage cleaning is a business that requires special knowledge and skills. Therefore, the maintenance of industrial drainage systems should be entrusted to professionals.

Updated: 29 June 2017

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Private sewerage and wastewater treatment country house

Country houses located in dacha associations, rural areas and even in a number of cottage villages do not always have the ability to connect to a centralized sewer network. The optimal solution to the problem is the use of a local treatment plant - VOC.

From the cesspool to the VOC

Modern technologies in the field of engineering equipment are striding by leaps and bounds, and today many types of installations for the treatment of domestic wastewater have been developed. Let's remember how the history of private sewerage developed.

At first - cesspool, then its modernized version - a septic tank and finally installations in which a full cycle of wastewater treatment is carried out. The latter are called differently: stations (systems) of deep biological treatment, wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), local treatment facilities (VOC), etc.

In order not to get confused in these names, which in fact mean the same thing, we will use the abbreviation VOC.

But we will talk about VOCs a little later, and now we will discuss the question: are septic tanks already the past or not yet?

Since a consumer, inexperienced in the problems of private sewage, sometimes misinterprets the meaning of this term, it will not be superfluous to recall that an industrial septic tank is a large container (most often made of plastic) located in the ground and connected by a supply pipe with a sewer outlet from the house.

The simplest septic tank is essentially a large barrel, more complex models are divided into two or three sections or consist of two or three separate containers. In a septic tank, drains do not just accumulate, they are initially decomposed into heavy ones, gradually settling down, and light ones, floating to the surface. Thanks to this method of treatment, which is called mechanical, the effluent is purified by 60%, which is a very low degree of purification, and therefore it is forbidden to dump them on the relief.

Technologies of ten years ago assumed the device on the area of ​​filtration fields adjacent to the house - drainage systems, along which soil additional treatment of wastewater from the septic tank took place. Today it is already an outdated method. However, the septic tank itself cannot be discounted. Sometimes he helps to solve certain problems. For example, if we are not talking about a country house for year-round living, but about a summer residence, where the family visits seasonally or periodically. Since the septic tank is suitable for processing a relatively small volume (1-3 m 3 / dry) of domestic wastewater and fecal matter, you will have to call a sewer truck from time to time. To reduce the rate of filling the tank, the drains can be divided into “gray” (water after washing dishes, bathing, washing) and “black” (coming from the toilet) and only “black” can be sent to the septic tank.

In any case, a septic tank will be the most economical solution for a periodical home. Sometimes it has to be installed for other reasons. For example, in water protection zones, where it is forbidden to use even VOCs, cleaning effluents by 94-98%. Actually, this is all the information that a private developer needs to know about a septic tank in order to make a choice in favor of a septic tank or VOC.

Wastewater disposal options

a) Discharge of treated water by gravity into the existing drainage network
b) Drainage of effluents into an intermediate well, in which a drainage pump is installed
c) Pressure discharge of effluents into a road ditch
d) Gravity drainage of wastewater into a filter (drainage) well

How aeration VOCs work

There is a great variety of individual sewage systems on the Russian market. Some of them, with different names, are in fact almost "twins". Therefore, it makes no sense to describe each model separately and compare them. It is much more important for the future user to understand the fundamental design difference between the systems from each other.

Conventionally, all installations can be divided into two types: aeration and complex. In the first, wastewater treatment occurs due to the work of aerobic bacteria, which use oxygen contained in the air for their life. How does it enter the VOC container? Aeration (saturation of water with oxygen in the air) is compulsory: for this, compressors (pneumatic aeration) or pumps (ejector aeration) connected to the installation are used.

The wastewater treatment method used in such equipment is biological, therefore this type of VOC is also called biological treatment systems (less often - bioseptics). Structurally, the device is a container (usually made of polypropylene) with technological hatches, divided by partitions into several sections: septic tank, anaerobic bioreactor, stage I aeration tank - biofilter, sedimentation tank, stage II aeration tank, secondary sedimentation tank - contact tank, pump compartment. Number of chambers-compartments different models may be different.

Their common purpose is to consistently purify household wastewater to those specified in technical passport parameters. This is done as follows. Wastewater is sent to a septic tank, where it is fermented, suspended solids are separated, sand and other insoluble impurities are settled. After that, the partially clarified wastewater enters the anaerobic bioreactor, where it is purified with anaerobic sludge (a community of microorganisms). The process takes place without oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria convert difficult-to-oxidize organic compounds into easily oxidizable ones. Then comes the turn of cleaning in a stage I aeration tank with the effect of oxygen (using forced aeration). Here wastewater is mixed with activated sludge, which absorbs and oxidizes pollution. After that, the waste water enters the aeration tank of the II stage, where it is further purified (by oxidation and adsorption) with biofilm from microorganisms formed on the load of artificial "algae" with continuous fine-bubble aeration. Further, in the secondary sedimentation tank, activated sludge is deposited and returned to the septic tank with the help of an airlift, and wastewater purified to 98% is discharged to a low relief location. This is how VOCs of the first type work - aeration ones.

Integrated wastewater treatment plants in a private house

VOCs of the second type are complex installations in which wastewater treatment occurs in three ways: mechanical, biological and chemical-physical (coagulation). Structurally, they differ significantly from aeration plants. Complex VOCs consist of a vertical settler with partitions (septic tank) and a bioreactor located above it. In the septic tank, sediment settling and anaerobic purification takes place. In the bioreactor, aerobic (with oxygen) purification of already clarified effluents. Bacteria attach to the biofuel of the reactor, forming an active biofilm. The set of installations includes a precipitating chemical (coagulant) in the form of tablets. It binds phosphorus, significantly reduces its concentration in effluents and accelerates the precipitation process. The coagulant is in a plastic container that is hung on the toilet bowl. With each flush, particles of the substance enter the system along with the drains.

What does the consumer need to know?

Aeration VOCs do not allow salvo discharge of effluents (more than 100 l / h). For example, if there are frequent guests in the house, the consumption of wastewater (taking a bath, shower, etc.) increases sharply, due to which the colony of bacteria, with the help of which the cleaning is carried out, is partially (or completely) washed out. Consequently, for some time after the salvo discharge, the installation will not be able to clean the effluents up to the indicators specified in the passport. A prolonged power outage also negatively affects the operation of the first type of systems, namely, leads to the partial or complete death of the bacterial colony. True, some manufacturers "forget" to notify the buyer about this. Others argue that this is not a significant drawback of the devices, because one has only to put the bacteria purchased in the store for septic tanks into the container, and the installation will begin to function in the same mode. This is true, but in this case, the exit to the degree of wastewater treatment declared by the manufacturer will occur no earlier than in two to three weeks.

But for complex VOCs, neither a salvo discharge, nor a power outage does not threaten negative consequences. The reason for this is in the structural differences between the installations of the first and second types. The fact is that in aeration VOCs, aerobic and anaerobic processes occur in one volume, where, due to aeration, the activated sludge is constantly mixed. In complex VOCs, sedimentation of sludge occurs in a separate chamber, where it is in a state of relative dormancy, and since bacteria in such systems live not only in water, but also in a bioreactor, they are not threatened with washing out by non-standardized drains, as well as death due to shutdown electricity. Even with a long power outage, bacteria on the biofilter are alive for three months. The exit to the operating mode declared by the manufacturer occurs 4-10 days after the start of the installation.

Household waste (toilet paper, hygiene items) should not enter the aeration units, as this can lead to blockage of the pumps that ensure the operation of the station. In addition, it is not desirable to drain there chemical household detergents that worsen the conditions necessary for the vital activity of bacteria. But complex installations are more "loyal" to these factors, mainly due to their own design features... Household waste trapped in them (toilet paper, napkins, food debris, pet hair, polymer films) remains in the settling chamber and cannot enter the section where the pumps are located. A small amount of chlorine-containing preparations (washing powder, bleaches), which along with water entered the VOC of the second type, will also not lead to a loss of system performance.

Both types of devices are volatile - the compressor (pump) must operate continuously. However, complex VOCs have a slightly lower power consumption due to the fact that they use not a compressor, but a pump that operates on a timer (15 min. / On - 15 min. / Off).

Systems of varying complexity of both domestic and foreign manufacturers are presented on the Russian market. In some of them, the cleaning process is controlled by a programmable controller that changes the operating mode of the installation based on the amount of incoming wastewater. If there are few of them, the controller switches the system to the economy mode, with salvo discharges - to the forced mode. Although automation simplifies the operation of the system, it significantly increases the cost of VOC and its further maintenance.

Where to take drains in a country house

When installing equipment, one of the main questions is where the water purified in the installation goes. The easiest option is to drain it by gravity. After cleaning in VOC, wastewater is discharged directly onto the terrain or into a drainage network (trench, roadside ditch) with a depth of at least 80-90 cm, protected from flooding by floods. The second option is a filter well, used in cases where gravity drainage is impossible.

From the VOC, at a distance determined by the project, a reinforced concrete well with a depth of about 3 m is made. On the bottom of which rubble is poured (in order to increase the productivity of the system). The throughput of the well depends on the type of soil.

In sandy soils, it is 80 l / day. per 1 mg of the area of ​​the outer surface of the filtering cylinder of the well, in sandy loam - 40 l / day. In clay soils or at high levels groundwater this scheme does not work. In these cases, drainage pumps are used. To pump out purified water from VOCs, submersible devices with a nominal bore (maximum size of impurities) of 10-12 mm are used. The pump can be installed directly in the last VOC chamber or in an additional intermediate well, it must be sealed. This is to prevent the pump from pumping ground water as well.

When installing a wastewater treatment system, it is important to take into account that it should be located at a distance of 3-5 m from the cottage so that in winter the sewage coming from the house does not freeze on the way to the VOC

Prices

Manufacturers indicate the cost of installations in different ways. Some call the price only for the equipment itself, others -on the system"Turnkey", that is, taking into account the installation.

When choosing devices for sewage treatment, it is better to focus on a full range of services. On average, VOC + delivery to the customer's site + installation will cost from 80,000 rubles. (installation volume is designed for four users) up to 140,000 rubles. (for ten users).

For some systems, monthly service activities may be required, the cost of which sometimes reaches 20% of the price of the equipment per year.

The general rule for all installations is to clean the settling chamber on average once a year from the accumulated excess sludge using a sewage machine. The cost of sewer services is 750-800 rubles / m 3.

How much wastewater plant to choose

The choice of a household wastewater treatment plant for a specific construction environment is a complex multifactorial task. First of all, it is necessary to calculate the performance of the equipment, since the dimensions of the container depend on this.

The specific drainage rate (according to SNiP 2.04.01 -85) ranges from 200 to 300 liters per person per day and includes the use of a toilet, bath, shower, kitchen sink and washing machine. A family of three or four people, on average, spends 200 liters of water per day on washing, washing dishes and washing, another 200 liters for the toilet, and 400 liters for the shower and bath.

In total, it turns out 800 liters. The size of the tank is chosen so that its working volume exceeds the daily rate of water consumption by three to five times. Therefore, in our example, we need a tank of 4 m 3.

Do-it-yourself installation of an aeration station (VOC) - photo

a) Preparation of the pit, subsystem b, c) The installation body is placed in the pit, d, e) Cut-in of underwater and branch lines into the body of the treatment plant f, g) Installation of electrical equipment, filling the installation with water and sprinkling with sand, h) Outer part of the aeration station

SEPTIC, BIOSEPTIC OR BIOLOGICAL CLEANING STATION - CHOOSE FOR A PRIVATE HOUSE?

It used to be more difficult to organize life support by urban standards in rural areas than in space. Fortunately, times have changed, and the issue is being resolved where connection to centralized water supply and sewerage systems is a matter of an unrealistically distant future. It is simply solved locally for one or several households - by drilling an artesian well and choosing autonomous system sewerage.

Which one to prefer - a septic tank, bioseptic tank or biological treatment plant?

All variants of local treatment systems (VOCs) have both advantages and disadvantages. Let's figure it out!

Local principles

First, a little science. It should be understood that any modern device that solves the "toilet" problem (by the way, including a dry closet) works thanks to microorganisms. As a result of the vital activity of these creatures invisible to the eye, biological oxidation processes take place in the effluent. The solid fraction of the waste decomposes, other organic compounds are formed, and the water is settled. Everything is simple, but there is a nuance. Biological oxidation is of two types: aerobic (when the process goes with oxygen access) and anaerobic (without access).

And bacteria are different in these processes. When the aerobic ones get down to business, the degree of purification corresponds to the current hygiene standards; when anaerobic ones work, it does not correspond, and additional treatment is required.

What is a septic tank

In fact, a septic tank is a sewage sump with anaerobic bacteria. Structurally, they are a reservoir - sealed or without a bottom. There are models consisting of non-

how many containers, coupled to each other with branch pipes and overflows. Heavy particles sink to the bottom, the most liquid fraction sequentially flows from chamber to chamber. By settling in this way, the plums are gradually cleared.

Theoretically, the more chambers (tanks) a septic tank has, the better and more reliable it is. But in practice, in complex systems, the risk of breakdown is higher, their operation is more expensive, since many components require periodic maintenance. In addition, as a rule, the largest amount of sediment remains in the first section. So it is not worth unnecessarily complicating the septic tank, three containers are the optimum.

Part of a larger whole

A septic tank is a non-self-sufficient device. Due to anaerobic processes, plums will leave about 65% of the pollution in it. What to do with the still far from ideal state, a foul-smelling moisture? It is drained into a drainage well or taken away through the so-called "filtration field" (a piece of land arranged away from the house in a special way for additional purification of water by filtering it through the soil). Therefore, it is necessary to have this drainage well or a place sufficient for organizing a "filtration field" on your land plot. What to do with sediment accumulating on the bottom of the chambers? It is periodically raked out. Alas, you can't do without a flusher. This means that it is necessary to provide free access for the sewer truck to the septic tank. These points will have to be taken into account when choosing an autonomous sewage system.

"Pros" and "cons" of septic tanks

Maintaining performance after long interruptions in use.

Some models do not require an electrical connection.

Low degree of wastewater treatment - up to 65%.

Possible unpleasant odors near the installation.

The installation requires a significant amount of space on the site.

Access roads are required for service.

Complex installation of bulky and heavy equipment.

Septic tank not the best solution with a high level of groundwater and if the site is clayey.

What is bioseptic

This is a type of septic tank in which the cleaning process is enhanced by the regular loading of bacterial preparations.

Its design includes a biofilter - a small reservoir with a chemically inert, rot-resistant backfill. It can be, for example, foam balls, shungizite, expanded clay or shell rock. The backfill is an excellent medium for the growth of bacterial colonies and at the same time plays the role of a mechanical filter - it retains solid fragments of sewer drains. The degree of purification in bioseptics is slightly higher than in conventional ones, and less sediment is formed at the bottom of the chambers. That is, all other things being equal, the sewer will have to be called less often.

What is aeration tank

In fact, initially, the aeration tank was called a reservoir in which the treated wastewater is mixed with activated sludge - a biocenosis of microorganisms capable of absorbing organic matter. Today, an aerotank is often called a deep biological treatment plant, which includes this reservoir. A kind of bioseptic? Probably you can say so. But, definitely, the difference between an aeration tank and a septic tank with a biofilter is fundamental: other bacteria, aerobic, are used here.

The system is based on biological oxidation with air admission, which is forced by the compressor. Due to aeration, the oxidation process occurs evenly throughout the volume. The “end product” - odorless sludge - is fed into a special compartment. Filtered water does not need additional treatment!

ON A NOTE

Any VOC is designed for a certain number of users. To calculate the volume of the treatment plant, it is recommended to proceed from 200 l / day per person. The volume of simultaneous discharge of effluents (“salvo discharge”) is also important. This indicator can greatly affect the quality of cleaning. The greater the throughput of VOCs per day, the more reserve must be available for the simultaneous reception of discharges from various plumbing units for an hour.

"Pros" and "cons" of the aerotank

High degree of wastewater treatment - odorless product at the outlet.

Possibility of installation in a ventilated basement. The aeration tank does not have to be buried in the ground, like a septic tank (a fan riser is required!).

Saves space on the site - "filtration field" is not needed.

In winter, an aeration tank is more efficient than a septic tank (aerobic processes occur with the release of heat, anaerobic - with absorption).

A sewage system in the absence of a centralized system is a complex engineering problem. The sewerage scheme is determined by the type of equipment for the toilet, the total volume of "gray" wastewater from washbasins, bathtubs, washing machines, swimming pools. As well as the geological features of the area: the depth of the groundwater, the filtering capacity of the soil, the presence of water intakes in the immediate vicinity of the treatment facilities.

Wastewater entering the sewerage network may contain wastes of mineral origin (sand, clay, slag particles, salts, acids, alkalis dissolved in water); decaying organic matter (animal and plant origin); pathogenic bacteria, harmful chemicals. Wastewater treatment methods used in local sewage systems can be divided into three main types: mechanical, chemical and biological.

Chemical cleaning method waste water is based on the use of various reagents that convert dissolved impurities into a poorly soluble state. Further, the deposition of these substances occurs. This method is mainly used for the treatment of industrial wastewater.

Mechanical cleaning consists in removing from the waste liquid wastes of mineral origin, which are in it in an undissolved and partially suspended state, as well as from foreign objects floating in the wastewater. When using a mechanical treatment method, wastewater settling and filtration occurs. One of the disadvantages of this method is that the water is not purified from dissolved organic contaminants. Therefore, mechanical treatment facilities (sedimentation tanks, sand traps, grates and sieves) are most often a preliminary stage before biological treatment.

V biological treatment waste water involves bacteria, which, depending on their relationship to oxygen, are divided into two groups: aerobes (using oxygen dissolved in water during their respiration) and anaerobes (developing in the absence of free oxygen).

Anaerobic (no air access) cleaning It is carried out in closed containers (digester tanks, septic tanks, two-tiered sedimentation tanks), where organic pollutants are fermented with the help of methane-forming anaerobic bacteria.

At aerobic (with air supply) cleaning drainage fields, filtering wells, biological filters and aeration tanks are used, in which the purification process takes place intensively. Oxygen, necessary for the life of microorganisms, comes from the ambient air or is pumped in with special compressors (blowers). A large amount of organic matter contained in wastewater serves as a favorable breeding ground for aerobic bacteria, which are able to absorb various organic substances in the course of their life. During biological treatment, activated sludge is created. Sewage effluent is mixed with activated sludge, significantly accelerating and improving the oxidation process. As a result, pathogenic microbes are absorbed by activated sludge, die or become its active agents or their decay into harmless ones. Thanks to this, the water loses its tendency to decay, becomes transparent, and its bacterial contamination is reduced.

In modern wastewater treatment plants with biological treatment, both types of bacteria are used: anaerobes and aerobes. First, sewage flows into a container with anaerobes and is oxidized there for 2-3 days, then it undergoes a post-treatment process in containers with aerobes or in natural conditions. The waste liquid during biological treatment is almost completely freed from organic matter and harmful bacteria.

Rice. 24. Dry closet

For a summer house, you can choose a cheaper option: arrange a cleaning to drain gray water from sinks and showers and use a dry closet (Fig. 24). This is an intermediate option for those who do not want to install an expensive sewerage system and at the same time want the "latrine" to be more convenient than the "outhouse" - a backlash or powder closet.

Many people, using purified water, do not even suspect by what methods this is achieved. Nevertheless, now there are a number of cleaning methods, such as: mechanical, biological, biochemical. chemical, physico-chemical, which, in turn, are subdivided into types. In some cases, these methods are applied in a complex manner. Which one is the most effective - this will be discussed below.

Purification of water from various kinds of impurities, heavy metals and their compounds present in it is a painstaking technological process. Now there are many methods of obtaining a clean liquid, methods of wastewater treatment differ in terms of the degree of pollution and the concentration of impurities in the water.

Why clean drains?

The main purpose of purification is the destruction of contaminants of various nature and their removal. This is a complex production process, the finished product of which is. Its parameters have been brought up to the established standards. Moreover, the requirements for water for various purposes differ significantly and are steadily increasing.

Cleaning methods

The choice of cleaning method depends on the type of dirt. Most often, maximum filtration is achieved by combining different methods.

Of the whole variety of existing methods, the main types can be distinguished:

1. Mechanical - wastewater treatment is carried out from insoluble impurities.
2. Chemical. At this stage, the neutralization of acids and alkalis takes place.
3. Biochemical. Together with chemical reagents, microorganisms are used that consume contaminants as food.
4. Biological. Water treatment takes place without the use of chemicals.
5. Physicochemical wastewater treatment includes several types, each of which will be discussed below.

Mechanical

They are used for preliminary purification of effluents from insoluble contaminants and are used in combination with other types. The cleaning itself is carried out in several stages.

Cleansing

In the process of settling, particles with a specific gravity greater than that of water settle to the bottom, and with a smaller one - rise to the surface. The lungs include oils, oil, fats, resins. Similar impurities are present in industrial effluents. Subsequently, they are removed from the treatment facilities and sent for processing.

Important! To separate natural solid suspensions, they use a special version of sedimentation tanks - sand traps, which are tubular, static or dynamic.

Straining and filtering

Grilles are used to separate coarse dirt in the form of paper, rags, etc. To capture small particles during water purification, fabric, porous or fine-grained filters are used. For the same purpose, micro-strainers are used, consisting of a drum equipped with a mesh. The separated substances are washed out into the trapping hopper under the influence of water, which is supplied through the nozzles.

Biochemical

The wastewater treatment system, which uses special microorganisms in the process of working with chemicals, is of two types:

The first ones carry out water purification in natural conditions. These can be reservoirs, irrigation fields where additional soil cleaning is required. They are characterized by low efficiency, high dependence on climate conditions, and large areas are required.

The latter function in an artificial environment where microorganisms are created favorable conditions... This significantly improves the quality of cleaning. Such stations can be divided into three types: aerotanks, bio- and aerofilters.

1. Aeration tanks. Productive biomass is activated sludge. With the help of special mechanisms, it is mixed with the delivered wastewater into a single mass.
2. A biofilter is a device where a filter bed is provided. For it, materials such as slag, expanded clay gravel are used.
3. The air filter is built according to the same principle, but air is forced into the filtering layer.

Biological

Biological wastewater treatment methods are used when there is organic pollution. A greater effect is observed when using aerobic bacteria. But to ensure their vital activity, oxygen is required. Therefore, when working under artificial conditions, air injection is necessary, which leads to an increase in costs.

The use of anaerobic microorganisms reduces costs, but is inferior in efficiency. To increase the quality of filtration, the previously processed wastewater is purified. Most often for this purpose, contact clarifiers are used, which are a multilayer filter. Less commonly, microfilters.

Purification of waste water by this method relieves them of toxic impurities, but at the same time there is a saturation with phosphorus and nitrogen. The discharge of such water will disrupt the ecological system of the reservoir. Nitrogen removal is carried out in other ways.

Physicochemical

This method of purification allows the separation of finely dispersed and dissolved mixtures of inorganic compounds from the effluents and the destruction of difficult-to-oxidize organic substances. There are several types of such cleaning, the choice of which depends on the volume of water and the amount of impurities it contains.

Coagulation

This type involves the introduction of chemical reagents: ammonium salts, iron, etc. Harmful impurities settle in the form of flakes, after which their removal is not difficult. During coagulation, small particles stick together into large compounds, which significantly increases the efficiency of the deposition process. This method of purification separates the bulk of unwanted impurities from the effluent. It finds application in the construction of industrial treatment systems.

Flocculation

To accelerate the process, in which the formation of sediment occurs, flocculation is additionally used. Molecular compounds of the flocculant, upon contact with harmful impurities, are combined into one system, which makes it possible to reduce the amount of coagulant. The flakes that have precipitated are removed mechanically.

Flocculants are of various origins: natural (silicon dioxide) and synthetic (polyacrylamide). The speed of the flocculation process is influenced by the order of addition of reagents, the temperature and level of water pollution, with what frequency and force the mixing takes place. The residence time of the effluents in the mixer is 2 minutes, and the contact with the reagents is up to one hour. After that, water is clarified in the sedimentation tanks. Reducing the cost of coagulants and flocculants allows double treatment of wastewater, when the initial settling is carried out without the use of reagents.

Adsorption

Important! There are a number of substances that are capable of absorbing harmful impurities. The adsorption method is based on this. Activated carbon, montmorillonite, peat, and aluminosilicates are used as reagents.

Wastewater treatment in this way gives high efficiency, allows you to remove different kinds pollution. There are two types of adsorption: regenerative and destructive.

The first option is due to the removal of harmful impurities from the reagent and only after that they are utilized. In the second, they are destroyed simultaneously with the adsorbent.

Extractive

Harmful impurities are placed in a mixture consisting of two liquids that do not dissolve in one another. It is used when it is necessary to remove organic substances from the effluent.

The method is based on the addition of a certain volume of extractant. Wherein harmful substances leave water and concentrate in the created layer. When their content reaches its maximum value, the extract is removed.

Ion exchange method

Due to the exchange that takes place between the contacting phases, it is possible to remove radioactive elements: lead, arsenic, mercury compounds, etc. With a high content of toxic substances, this method is especially effective.

Chemical

All chemical wastewater treatment methods are based on the addition of reagents that convert dissolved substances into a suspended state. After that, they are removed without any difficulty.

The following are used as reagents:

• oxidizing agents (ozone, chlorine);
• alkalis (soda, lime);
• acid.

Neutralization

Wastewater treatment in a similar way neutralizes pathogenic bacteria, brings the pH level to the required standard (6.5-8.5). For this, the following methods are used:

• mix alkalis and acids in the form of liquids;
• chemical reagents are introduced;
• filter wastewater containing acids;
• gases are neutralized with alkalis and acid - with ammonia solution.

Oxidation

When it was not possible to remove impurities mechanically and by settling, oxidation is used. In this case, ozone, potassium dichromate, chlorine, pyrolusite, etc. act as reagents. Ozone is rarely used because of the high cost of the process and is explosive at high concentrations.

Recovery process

Important! The essence of the method: the physical state of all harmful contaminants is restored, and then they are removed by flotation, settling or filtration.

When it is necessary to purify arsenic, mercury, chromium, use this method.

Flotation

Flotation method - high pressure air cleaning

This is a method in which the floating of debris to the surface is achieved by adding vortex air currents to the wastewater. The effectiveness of the method will depend on the hydrophobicity of the particles. The resistance of air bubbles to destruction is increased by the addition of reagents.

For clarity, the efficiency of wastewater treatment by various methods can be presented in the form of a table.

Recycled sludge, which is the result of domestic wastewater treatment and some industrial sectors, can be used by agriculture as fertilizers.

Alex, 20 May 2017.

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