Stalingrad

2nd world war

The unsuccessful offensive operations of the Soviet troops in the spring of 1942 allowed the Germans to break through the front and reach the Don in July, posing a threat to Stalingrad and the North Caucasus. On July 22, the Germans had 18 divisions (250,000 men, 7,500 guns, 740 tanks) in the Stalingrad direction against 16 Soviet-431 divisions (187,000 men, 7,900 guns, 360 tanks). Going on the offensive on July 23-25, 1942, the Germans broke through the defenses of the 62nd Army and pushed back the 64th Army, but the stubborn resistance of the Russians forced them to narrow the offensive zone of the 6th Army and remove the 4th Panzer Army from the Caucasus direction; after a month of fierce fighting, the plan to capture Stalingrad with one blow was thwarted. The new plan called for the capture of Stalingrad by simultaneous strikes by the 6th and 4th armies in converging directions. Aug 23 the Germans reached the Volga, and on September 13. launched an assault on Stalingrad with nine divisions; street fighting continued in the city until February. Exhausting four-month battles undermined the power of him. troops, their location in Stalingrad was extremely unfavorable, since both flanks were deeply covered by Soviet troops. With this in mind, the Soviet command developed a plan for a strategic operation, which provided for the defeat of the 3rd room. army with a strike southwest of Serafimovich, an attack on Kalach and a connection with the troops of the Stalingrad Front, striking from the Sarpinsky Lakes region to the northwest. The Southwestern and Stalingrad Fronts were part of the forces to create an outer ring of encirclement of the Stalingrad group, and the Don Front was instructed to encircle and destroy the enemy in a small bend of the Don. The troops of the Southwestern (gen. N. F. Vatutin) and the right wing of the Don (gen. K. K. Rokossovsky) fronts went on the offensive on November 19, and the troops of the Stalingrad Front (gen. A. I. Eremenko) on November 20. 1942 and immediately broke through the enemy defenses. Nov 23 the main forces of it. The 6th and 4th tank armies (approx. 330,000 people) were surrounded, by November 30. the territory they occupied was halved. The operation planned by the Germans to unblock Stalingrad was thwarted by the offensive of the Southwestern and Voronezh fronts on Morozovsk and Kantemirovka on December 16; defeat of the 8th Italian. and 3rd room. armies, as well as the Hollidt task force was deprived of the opportunity to provide assistance to the troops surrounded in Stalingrad; in January, the outer front of the encirclement was 170-250 km away from them, and attempts to organize air supplies failed. Jan 26 the encircled group was divided into two parts, after which mass surrender began. Jan 31 surrendered the commander of the 6th Army F. Paulus with his headquarters. In total, 91,000 people were captured.

Encyclopedia of World History Battles. Thomas Harbolt. 1904

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See what "Stalingrad" is in other dictionaries:

The name of the city of Volgograd in 1925 61 ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- "STALINGRAD", USSR USA Czechoslovakia GDR, Warner Bros./Mosfilm, 1989, color, 196 min. Movie epic. Continuation of the epic film dedicated to the Great Patriotic War ("Liberation", "Soldiers of Freedom", "Battle for Moscow") about the largest military ... ... Cinema Encyclopedia

Exist., number of synonyms: 3 volgograd (5) city (2765) tsaritsyn (3) ASIS synonym dictionary ... Synonym dictionary

Volgograd Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary. M: AST. Pospelov E.M. 2001 ... Geographic Encyclopedia

The name of the city of Volgograd in 1925 61. * * * STALINGRAD STALINGRAD, the name of the city of Volgograd (see VOLGOGRAD) in 1925 61 ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the Great Patriotic War. After it, the advantage passed to the side of the Soviet army. Therefore, Stalingrad became one of the main symbols of the Great Victory of the Soviet people over Nazi Germany. But why was this hero city soon renamed? And what is the name of Stalingrad now?

Tsaritsyn, Stalingrad, Volgograd

In 1961, by decree of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the city was renamed, and now Stalingrad is called Volgograd. Until 1925, this city was called Tsaritsyn. When Joseph Stalin actually came to power in the USSR, the personality cult of the new leader began, and some cities began to bear his name. So Tsaritsyn became Stalingrad. But after Stalin's death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev became the new leader of the country, and in 1956, at the 20th Congress of the Communist Party, he debunked Stalin's personality cult, pointing out all its negative consequences. After 5 years, the mass dismantling of monuments to Stalin began, and the cities that bore his name began to return their former names. But the origin of the name Tsaritsyn somewhat did not fit into the Soviet ideology, they began to choose a different name for the city and settled on Volgograd, since it stands on the great Russian river Volga.

Volgograd - on weekdays, Stalingrad - on holidays

True, in 2013, deputies of the Volgograd City Duma partially returned the old name to the city and decided to use the combination of the hero city of Stalingrad as a symbol of Volgograd on holidays such as May 9, February 23, June 22 and other significant dates associated with the history of the city. This was done as a tribute to veterans of the Great Patriotic War.

Education

What is the name of the city of Stalingrad now? History of Stalingrad

May 15, 2015

Remember the history of the Second World War - 1942, for example. The battle for the city of Stalingrad (as it is now called, probably, outside of Russia and not everyone knows), in which the Red Army gained success, turned the tide of the war back. It deservedly bears the title of Hero City.

The city of Stalingrad: what it is called now and what it used to be called

During the Paleolithic period, on the outskirts of the city, there was a site of primitive people, which was called Dry Mechetka. In the 16th century, in historical sources, this area is associated with the stay of representatives of the Tatar people. Since in the memoirs of the English traveler Jenkinson, "the abandoned Tatar city of Meskhet" is mentioned. In official royal documents, this city was first mentioned on July 2, 1589 under the name Tsaritsyn. So it was called until 1925.

As is known, in the 1920s and 1930s, cities were mainly called by the names and surnames (pseudonyms) of Soviet leaders and party leaders. The former Tsaritsyn in 1925 was the 19th city in the USSR in terms of the number of inhabitants, so its fate of renaming could not be avoided. In 1925 the city was renamed Stalingrad. It is under this name that he is best known, because the Battle of Stalingrad entered world history as the most important event of the Second World War.

In 1956, the debunking of the cult of Stalin began. The party had a lot of work in this direction, so the party leaders got to the renaming of the city only in 1961. Since 1961 and to the present time, the settlement has the name that very accurately characterizes its location - Volgograd (a city on the Volga).

Brief history of the city from 1589 to 1945

Initially, the city concentrated on a small island. Why is it based here? Because until that time people had already lived here, and the place was convenient for trade. The location on the Volga gave the settlement good chances for dynamic development. Real transformations in the city began to take place in the 19th century. The first school for children of the nobility, the first gymnasium, was opened, in which 49 children studied. In 1808, a doctor came to the city, who did a lot for the development of medicine in it (she was the first local doctor).

With the development of transport infrastructure (Volga-Don and other railways), since the late 1850s, industry and trade in the city have been developing very strongly, and the well-being of residents has increased.

For the first three decades of the 20th century, the territory of Stalingrad was expanding. New industrial facilities, residential buildings, places of mass recreation of the population are being built. In 1942, the Germans came to the city of Stalingrad. What is this time called now? An occupation. 1942 and 1943 were the worst years in the history of the city.

Our time: the city is flourishing

Stalingrad - what city is it now? Volgograd. This name fully reflects its essence, because the river is one of the main trade routes. In the 1990-2000s, Volgograd acquired the status of a millionaire several times. Industry, services and recreation, sports are actively developing in the city. The football team of the Volgograd "Rotor" has played more than one season in the major league of Russia.

But still, the settlement played its most important role in history under the name "city of Stalingrad" (as it is now called, you should also not forget, because the old name is unlikely to return).

Source: fb.ru

Actual

Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous

Volgograd- a city in the southeast of the European part of Russia, the administrative center of the Volgograd region, a hero city. It is located on the right bank of the Volga River in its lower reaches. The city stretches for 70 km along the Volga River.

It was founded in 1589 as a guard fortress at the confluence of the Tsaritsa River (from the Turkic "sary-su" yellow water) into the Volga. Until 1925 it was called Tsaritsyn, and from 1925 to 1961 - Stalingrad.

In 1607, there was an uprising against the tsarist troops in the fortress, which was suppressed six months later.

In 1608, the first stone church appeared in the city - John the Baptist. At the beginning of the 17th century, the garrison of the fortress was 350-400 people.

In 1670, the fortress was taken by the troops of Stepan Razin, who left it a month later.

In 1708, also for about a month, the fortress was in the hands of the rebellious Cossacks Kondraty Bulavin. In 1717 it was plundered by the Crimean and Kuban Tatars. Later, in 1774, the city was unsuccessfully stormed by Yemelyan Pugachev.

The city was part of the first Kazan, then Astrakhan province. According to the 1720 census, 408 people lived in the city. In the 18th century, the city had the status of a county.

Since 1773 the city became a voivodship, since 1780 - a county one.

In 1807, less than 3,000 people lived in Tsaritsyn. After the appearance of the first railway in 1862, population growth increased markedly, and by 1900 the population of the city was about 84 thousand people.

The first theater opened in the city in 1872, and a cinema in 1907.

The first institute (Stalingrad Tractor Institute) was opened in the city in 1930, and a pedagogical institute was opened a year later.

During the Civil War, fierce battles took place for Tsaritsyn, which received the name "Defense of Tsaritsyn" in Soviet historiography. Since 1920, Tsaritsyn has been the center of the Tsaritsyn province. In 1925 the city was renamed Stalingrad. Until 1928, Stalingrad was the center of the district within the Nizhnevolzhsky region, in 1932 - the center of the Nizhnevolzhsky region. In 1934, after the division of the Lower Volga region into Saratov and Stalingrad, Stalingrad became the center of the latter. In 1936, the Stalingrad region was transformed into the Stalingrad region.

The most serious shock in the history of the city was the Great Patriotic War and the Battle of Stalingrad. The Headquarters of the Supreme High Command sent the 62nd, 63rd and 64th armies to the Stalingrad direction. On July 12, the Stalingrad Front was created, which was faced with the task, defending itself in a strip 520 kilometers wide, to stop the further advance of the enemy. On July 17, 1942, one of the greatest battles of the Great Patriotic and World War II began - the Battle of Stalingrad, which lasted 200 days and nights. The Nazis sought to capture Stalingrad as soon as possible.

On August 23, the city was subjected to a terrible bombardment, which destroyed or seriously damaged most of the city's buildings. The Nazi troops broke through to the Volga north of Stalingrad. Workers, the city police, units of the NKVD troops, sailors of the Volga military flotilla, cadets of military schools stood up to defend the city.

On August 25, a state of siege was introduced in Stalingrad. Up to 50 thousand workers of Stalingrad joined the ranks of the people's militia. 150 thousand workers of the Stalingrad factories, under the conditions of continuous bombardment from the air and under the most severe artillery fire, gave the front tanks, cannons, mortars, Katyushas, ​​as well as shells. On the outskirts of Stalingrad and in the city itself, four defensive bypasses were built. In total, up to 2750 kilometers of trenches and communications, 1860 kilometers of anti-tank ditches were built by the beginning of the defense.

By September 12, 1942, despite the heroic resistance of the Soviet troops, the enemy came close to the city. The whole country came to the aid of Stalingrad. During the defensive battles, the Nazi troops lost about 700,000 killed and wounded, more than 2,000 guns and mortars, more than a thousand tanks, assault guns and other equipment.

By November 19, 1942, favorable conditions had developed for the transition of the Soviet troops to the counteroffensive.

It took the Soviet troops 75 days and nights to encircle and defeat the Nazi troops near Stalingrad. The population of the Stalingrad region provided great assistance to the troops in preparing the counteroffensive. The Volga military flotilla played an important role in the battle for Stalingrad. In September-November alone, the flotilla transported 65 thousand soldiers, up to 2.5 thousand tons of various cargoes, to the right bank of the Volga.

In January 1943, the Nazi troops stationed in the city were defeated. On January 31, the commander of the 6th German Army, Field Marshal F. Paulus, who was with his headquarters in the basement of the central department store, surrendered. On February 2, the last Nazi units capitulated. During the Battle of Stalingrad, the fascist bloc lost about 1.5 million soldiers and officers killed, wounded, captured and missing.

For military distinctions, 44 formations and units were given the honorary names of Stalingrad, Kantemirovskoye, Tatsinskoye. 55 formations and units were awarded orders, 183 - became guards, 112 of the most distinguished soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad", established on December 22, 1942, was awarded to over 700 thousand participants in the battle.

Volgograd is one of the most famous and significant cities bearing the title of Hero City. In the summer of 1942, the Nazi troops launched a massive offensive on the southern front, trying to capture the Caucasus, the Don region, the lower Volga and the Kuban - the richest and most fertile lands of the USSR. First of all, the city of Stalingrad came under attack, the attack on which was entrusted to the 6th Army under the command of Colonel General Paulus.

On July 12, the Soviet command creates the Stalingrad Front, the main task of which is to stop the invasion of the German invaders in the southern direction. On July 17, 1942, one of the greatest and largest battles in the history of World War II began - the Battle of Stalingrad. Despite the desire of the Nazis to capture the city as soon as possible, it lasted 200 long, bloody days and nights, ending in complete victory, thanks to the dedication and incredible efforts of the heroes of the army, navy and ordinary residents of the region.

The first attack on the city took place on August 23, 1942. Then, a little north of Volgograd, the Germans almost approached the Volga. Policemen, sailors of the Volga Fleet, NKVD troops, cadets and other volunteer heroes were sent to defend the city. On the same night, the Germans made the first air raid on the city, and on August 25, a state of siege was introduced in Stalingrad. At that time, about 50 thousand volunteers signed up for the people's militia - heroes from among ordinary citizens. Despite the almost uninterrupted shelling, the factories of Stalingrad continued to work and produce tanks, Katyushas, ​​cannons, mortars and a huge number of shells.

September 12, 1942 the enemy came close to the city. Two months of fierce defensive battles for Volgograd inflicted significant damage on the Germans: the enemy lost about 700 thousand people killed and wounded, and on November 19, 1942, the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops began.

The offensive operation continued for 75 days and, finally, the enemy near Stalingrad was surrounded and defeated. January 1943 brought complete victory in this sector of the front. The fascist invaders were surrounded, and General Paulus with the whole army surrendered. For the entire time of the Battle of Stalingrad, the German army lost more than 1.5 million people.

Stalingrad was one of the first to be called a hero city. This honorary title was first announced in the order of the commander-in-chief of May 1, 1945. And the medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad" became a symbol of the courage of the defenders of the city.

In the hero-city of Volgograd there are many monuments dedicated to the heroes of the Great Patriotic War. Among them is the famous memorial complex on Mamaev Kurgan - a hill on the right bank of the Volga, known since the time of the Tatar-Mongol invasion. During the battle for Stalingrad, especially fierce battles took place here, as a result of which, about 35,000 hero warriors were buried on Mamaev Kurgan. In honor of all the fallen, in 1959 a memorial to the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad was erected here.

The main architectural attraction of Mamaev Kurgan is the 85-meter monument "Motherland Calls". The monument depicts a woman with a sword in her hand, who calls on her sons - heroes to fight.

The old mill of Gergardt (Grudinin's mill) is another silent witness of the courageous struggle of the defenders of the hero city of Volgograd. This is a destroyed building that has not been restored to this day in memory of the war.

During street fighting in the city, a four-story building on the current Lenin Square became an impregnable stronghold. In the second half of September, the reconnaissance and assault group, led by Sergeant Pavlov, captured the house and entrenched in it. Four days later, reinforcements arrived under the command of Senior Lieutenant Afanasyev, who delivered weapons and ammunition - the house became an important stronghold in the defense system. For 58 days, the small garrison of the house repelled German attacks until the Soviet troops launched a counterattack. In 1943, after the victory in the Battle of Stalingrad, the house was rebuilt. It is considered the first restored building in the city. In 1985, a memorial wall-monument was opened on the end wall.

On October 2, 1942, in a battle near the Krasny Oktyabr plant, Mikhail Panikakha, a private of the 883rd Infantry Regiment and a former sailor of the Pacific Fleet, destroyed a German tank at the cost of his life. A stray bullet shattered a Molotov cocktail in his hand, the liquid instantly spilled over the fighter's body and ignited. But, not at a loss, and overcoming the pain, he grabbed the second bottle, rushed to the advancing tank and set it on fire. For this feat, on December 9, 1942, he was posthumously awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st class. On May 5, 1990, he was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. On the site of the feat of Mikhail Panikakha, on Metallurgov Avenue, in 1975 a monument was erected to him in the form of a six-meter copper sculpture on a reinforced concrete pedestal.

In the place where in January 1943 the troops of the Don Front, under the command of Colonel-General K. Rokossovsky, completed the defeat of the southern group of German troops, today there is the Square of the Fallen Fighters and the Alley of Heroes. The peculiarity of its architectural ensemble is the marble steles of the Heroes of the Soviet Union, erected for the 40th anniversary of the Victory, on which the names of 127 Stalingrad heroes are immortalized. And on the Square of the Fallen Fighters, where on January 31, 1943, the commander of the 6th German Army, Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus with his headquarters, was captured in the basements of a department store, in 1963 an eternal flame was lit.

In the second half of 1942, G.K. Zhukov, who then held the rank of Army General, being a representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters, coordinated the actions of the armies of the Stalingrad Front. In memory of his contribution to the Victory, on the avenue that bears his name, in 1996, a monument was erected on the 100th anniversary of Zhukov's birth. It is a bronze semi-figure of the Marshal of Victory in a tunic mounted on a pedestal. On the left side of it is a granite slab with the image of the four stars of the Hero of the Soviet Union, which he was awarded, and the battles in which he took part are recorded on the stone blocks.

A great contribution to the Stalingrad victory was made by the ships of the Volga military flotilla. They provided fire support to the Soviet troops, landed troops, brought ammunition, and evacuated the population. In 1974, a monument to the Volga rivermen was erected - the Gusitel boat, located on a pedestal, was a participant in the Battle of Stalingrad. A thirteen-meter stele is installed behind the boat, in the lower part of which there is an anchor, and at the top - a star. In the fairway of the Volga opposite Mamayev Kurgan in 1980, a monument in the form of an anchor, 15 meters high, was opened, mounted on a floating platform. It has an inscription - "To the Volga rivermen, ships that died in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942-1943." In 1995, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Victory, another monument to the sailors of the Volga Flotilla was opened on the embankment - the BK-13 armored boat mounted on a pedestal.

In January 1942, the 10th Rifle Division of the NKVD troops was formed in Stalingrad from the inhabitants of the city. Parts of the border guards from the Urals and Siberia also joined it. Together with the militias, she took the first blow of the German invasion in August 1942. On December 2, 1942, the division was awarded the Order of Lenin, and throughout the Second World War, 20 Chekists of the division were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In memory of their feat in 1947, a monument was erected on the square of the Chekists "To the Chekists - the defenders of the city." It is a 17-meter pedestal, which is crowned with a bronze figure of a warrior with a naked sword raised high in his hand.

Not far from the monument to the Chekists on May 28, 2011, on the day of the border guard, a "Monument to Demolition Dogs, Tank Destroyers" was erected. The 10th division of the NKVD included the 28th separate detachment of demolition dogs, which destroyed dozens of German armored vehicles.

The 62nd Soviet Army was commanded by General V. Chuikov, an excellent organizer and tactician of the war. His contribution to the Stalingrad victory was invaluable. Later, the experience of fighting in the conditions of the city will come in handy during the storming of Berlin in 1945. For the defense of Stalingrad, V. Chuikov received the Order of Suvorov, 1st degree. In total, during the Second World War, he was twice awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. It was V. Chuikov who surrendered and capitulated the Berlin garrison. According to his will, after his death on March 18, 1982, he was buried on Mamaev Kurgan at the foot of the Motherland monument. In 1990, a monument to the marshal was erected on the street named after him, at the place where the headquarters of the 62nd Army was located during the war years. The author of the monument was his son, architect A. Chuikov.

In July 1942, parts of the people's militia were formed from the workers and employees of the Stalingrad Tractor Plant. On August 23, 1942, a massive offensive of Wehrmacht units began from the north along the Volga to Stalingrad. There was no active army in the city, but the factory militias, along with other volunteers, stopped the enemy, preventing the Germans from trying to take Stalingrad outright. In memory of their feat, in 1983, a monument made of forged copper with a bas-relief of three militiamen was erected in the park near the plant.

During the war, the Stalingrad Tractor Plant completely switched to the production of military products - artillery and tanks. His role in creating the firepower of the Soviet army is invaluable, because he was the closest supplier of military products to the front line. In 1943, one of the T-34 tanks was installed near the central entrance of the plant in honor of the labor feat of the factory workers. It was one of the first monuments dedicated to the events of the Second World War. In 1949, the tank was put on a pedestal, and in 1978 it was reconstructed.

A unique memorial complex dedicated to the events of the Battle of Stalingrad was created in Volgograd in the postwar years. From 1948 to 1954, 17 towers of T-34 tanks were installed on granite pedestals in four districts of the city. The monuments are installed at the points of maximum approach of the German troops to the banks of the Volga and form a line 30 km long, the distance between the pedestals is 2-3 kilometers. Tank towers were assembled from equipment that died in the Battle of Stalingrad. The towers of T-34 tanks of various modifications, manufacturers, with traces of battles and holes were chosen.