How to build a roof of a house diagram. How to build a roof of a house correctly: the main steps. Calculation of basic parameters

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To save money, the owners country houses prefer to do part construction works do it yourself. How to make a roof in a private house - this question is asked by many developers. But before carrying out the work, you should study all the information about the roofs. You need to know what kind of roofs exist, familiarize yourself with their shapes and design features... It is no secret that these elements perform many functions. The range of their characteristics is not limited to the fence. interior space houses from moisture penetration, cold air currents and snow. Our article will tell you everything about the features of roofs, and also the construction of the roof will be described in detail.

The device of the roof of a private house and their types

Modern construction has found application different types roofs of houses. Of course, each species requires an individual one. Let's talk about the most common ones, as well as their advantages and features.

Do-it-yourself roof of a private house: preparation

In addition to choosing the type of roof, think about what material will be used to cover it (more: ""). Based on this, the parameters of the rafter system are determined. The weight roofing affects its pressure and loads. Therefore, it is important to resolve the issue with the method of fastening the roofing elements. Finally, it is worth deciding on the additional parts of the rafter system.

The best option for calculating the material for the rafter system and roofing is the presence of a roof drawing. The diagram usually indicates all the attachment points of the rafter system. They, in turn, reinforce the elements.

Ceramic tile roofing has the greatest weight. The rafter system and foundation (+ walls) must take into account the weight of this material. For the truss system, coniferous wood is most often used. Moreover, its moisture content should be no more than 20%. The wood must be free of knots and blues.

Tools for arranging the rafter system:

vapor barrier material;
waterproofing film;
insulation material;
iron staples;
screws, nails, screws;
tools for working with the roof.

How to build a roof of a private house: rafter system

The device of the rafter system implies the support of the lower end of the rafter on the Mauerlat. In this case, the upper end rests both on the ridge and on the opposite rafter. As a result, roof trusses are created. They are connected using a ridge bar or two boards that form a ridge. To strengthen the rafter legs, special struts, struts, jibs, stretch marks and crossbars are installed. All these elements make the truss structure quite rigid and durable.

When equipping a gable roof, the first two structures of the rafter system (triangles) must be assembled on the ground. Only after complete assembly can they be lifted onto the roof. Spacers are used for temporary strengthening. Then, the elements are connected using a ridge bar or boards on both sides. Further, the installation of the remaining rafter legs is carried out. For the convenience of workers, floor beams are usually laid on the Mauerlat. Also, a temporary flooring must be present.

For fastening the rafter system, they use not only cut-outs and cut-outs, but also iron brackets, metal corners, screws and nails. The rigid frame of the rafter system will provide struts, crossbars, ties and stops. Sometimes it becomes necessary to lengthen the rafter legs. In this case, first of all, two are spliced rafter boards... At the junction, short stacks are installed on both sides.

Private house roof structure: lathing

After finishing the installation of the rafters, you can fill the crate. For its arrangement, you will need boards (2.5 cm in thickness) or bars. The lathing can be either solid or have gaps. But before that, you should lay the waterproofing on the rafters. When creating a living room in the attic, it is best to insulate the roof in advance. Insulation fits into the space between the rafters. The material can be mineral wool or foam.

To create a “warm” living space in the attic, double-layer the insulation. The thickness of one layer should not be less than 50 mm. The insulating layer helps to absorb noise from outside the room. A vapor barrier membrane is laid on the insulation. It protects the material from the formation of condensation on it. In order not to spend extra money on repairing the roof of a private house, follow all the instructions and recommendations. Try to stack the layers correctly roofing cake.

Roof arrangement

Perhaps, this is the main stage of the whole work. Arrangement of the frame with roofing material is a very important procedure. Today you can find a wide range of materials for every taste and price category. The most affordable and reliable material is slate. However, many are confused by its appearance. Alternatively, you can use modern polymer slate options - euro slate or ondulin.

Today, more and more often, developers give preference to another roofing material - a metal tile. The coating is relatively inexpensive, while the buyer has its own appearance and excellent performance characteristics. The downside of metal roofing is a low level of sound absorption.

Roof shapes, professional advice, video details:

Thus, the roofs of houses are made both by hand and by specialists. But it is worth noting that the first option can sometimes surpass the work of experienced installers. This is due to the fact that the owners of country houses are trying to do quality roofing work. It is logical that a well-designed and executed roof will last for many years, so it is worth ordering from trusted specialists. At the same time, it is very important not to waste your financial resources on additional repairs. It is better to carry out all the work with high quality once and equip a cozy home for yourself and your loved ones.

Having finished assembling the roof, you can proceed to the arrangement drainage system... How to carry out such work can be found in the article: "". We recommend watching photos and videos on this topic in order to keep abreast of all the innovations in the construction market.

The first thing that a person sees when approaching a build is a roof. This part of the house plays a major role in the overall interior design and is designed to protect the entire building and its residents from negative weather factors(wind, precipitation), from daily and seasonal temperature differences, from thermal and cosmic radiation, from harmful substances and noise deposited on the roof surface from the atmosphere (industrial emissions, exhaust gases).

A properly designed roof is fire resistant, not afraid of condensation and effectively withstands any load. For this, it is very important to choose the roofing material and the shape of the roof.

The most successful are semi-hip and hip roofs with four slopes. And the materials of the roof include soft shingles, slate, euro-slate or ondulin. Before starting the roof installation process, you should install the crate under the corrugated board, carrying out all the actions according to the instructions, including attaching the rafters to the Mauerlat and installing a chimney for removing combustion products.

An optimal roof is well ventilated, it is well protected from noise, high temperatures and water, is durable, resistant to mechanical damage, and has an attractive appearance.

Do-it-yourself roof of the house. Video

Today, there are several types of roofs in construction:

Shed.

Among its advantages, a distinction is made between the possibility of saving on material and scaffolding, efficiency and ease of construction, light weight.

Disadvantages: small or no attic size, not the most presentable appearance.

Gable - more popular than single slope.

Its obvious advantages are considered to be relatively low weight (in comparison, for example, with a four-hinged one), a rather large room for an attic, the possibility of arranging an attic under the roof, as well as an aesthetic, harmonious appearance. This type of roof is heated on both sides.

This roof does not have any particularly prominent disadvantages. However, in comparison with the single-pitched one, it is less economical in terms of consumables and is heavier. A gable roof requires a ridge and gutters to drain melt and rainwater.

Hipped roof.

This type of roof is not very popular, since its construction is a complicated matter. It is almost impossible to independently perform such a roof correctly without special skills. The positive qualities of this type of roof are considered to be its aesthetically attractive appearance and a voluminous attic space.

The inherent possibility of four-sided heating significantly insulates the attic. Among the main disadvantages of this type, the most prominent are the large weight and, as mentioned above, the complexity of the installation work.

The roof is combined.

The most ideal choice for multi-level buildings or structures made in an unconventional rectangular shape. Such a roof looks original and harmoniously fits into almost any area.

The combined type is much easier to build, since it can be built not entirely, but separate sections... Initially, one terrace slope is covered, which is located on the second floor, then a gable roof.

In addition, Sudeikin's roof is distinguished, a hipped roof, which is four identical slopes in the form of isosceles triangles and others.

With all the variety of types of roofs, their construction is based on several main principles. Having caught their essence, you can build even the most complex roofing options yourself.

Do-it-yourself roof construction is divided into several stages:

Do-it-yourself Mauerlat fastening.

This is nothing more than the foundation on which the bulk of the load is placed. The entire roof is being erected on it. Beams with a section of 15x15 cm are used. They are mounted parallel to the ridge. To increase the strength and stability of the roof in relation to adverse weather conditions, the Mauerlat beams are securely fastened, and this must be done even when laying the walls of the building. For this purpose, a strong thick rope is mounted between bricks or masonry blocks at a distance of one meter. It is called wire rod.

The middle part of the wire should be reinforced in the brickwork, and the ends should be stripped free. Their length must be suitable for fastening the next beam. In the event that plastering is planned, then the outer end of the rope must be embedded in the mortar. The Mauerlat should recede from the edge of the wall by at least 10 cm, taking into account the laying of the roofing layer, as this will help protect the beams from destruction (decay).

Do-it-yourself frame installation.

To ensure a sufficient level of roof strength, you need to take care of the frame. The frame means the rafters attached to the Mauerlat. It should be borne in mind that if the length of the beams exceeds 4.5 cm, then it will be necessary to additionally mount the purlins. The most optimal size of the beams is considered to be a section of 7x15 cm.

The rafters are attached to the Mauerlat using a special cutout, which is fixed with 20 cm nails.They are hammered in the following way:

the first is hammered strictly diagonally through the rafter;
the second is similar, but on the reverse side;
the third is nailed perpendicularly from the top.

Thanks to this technology, the rafter is firmly attached and becomes motionless. The overlapping upper part of the beams is attracted to each other so that the edge of one of them overlaps the end of the parallel one. They are mounted using bolts and nails.

Strengthening the roof with your own hands.

In order to reduce the impact of the thrust force on the Mauerlat and increase the strength and stability of the roof, the rafter legs should be mounted together using beams with a cross section of 5x15 cm. They are called “crossbars”. Its size and the distance between the rafter beams that need to be connected are completely consistent with each other. Fasteners are carried out with nails.

In addition, you need to take care of attaching this element to each rafter leg of the filly. This is a board with a section of 50x100 cm. It is attached with screws and metal brackets to one leg of the rafter. The length is calculated very simply - 50 cm should be added to the overhang length. To skip any difficulties, you need to take care of preparing the filly in advance. A cutout is made on a 15 cm wide board. It is used to mount to the Mauerlat.

Also, do not forget that the rafters and boards converge exactly. All such work is best completed by the beginning of the construction of the rafter system, as this greatly facilitates the process of assembling the structure. Additionally, the value of the angle of inclination of the future roof is selected. A competent choice implies taking into account the specifics of the area. For example, in the presence of regular precipitation and a rather cold type of climate, the most suitable angle of inclination is considered to be from 40 o to 45 o.

Snow does not accumulate on such a roof, which makes it possible to avoid an increase in the pressure on the floor. The distance between the rafter legs must be at least one meter. In dry and hot climates, the minimum angle of inclination can be 3 °.

In those areas where strong winds are present, the optimal angle is 20 °. To carry out an accurate calculation, you must use professional building regulations... Experts measure this value using an inclinometer. Before starting the measurement, a suitable angle should be calculated. Therefore, the formula is applied: the value of the angle of inclination is directly proportional to the height of the ridge, which is divided by the figure formed by dividing the length of the roof by 2.

Do-it-yourself roof lathing (video).

For the roofing, it is necessary to perform the lathing. If your choice fell on a tile - the lathing must be solid.

To get started, you need solid wooden boards with a thickness of about 25 cm. Particular attention should be paid to the absence of cracks or chips. Their length indicator should be equal to two rafter spans, that is, two meters. The joints will be located purely on supports with a distance of 5 mm. The boards used for the formation of the ridge must be placed as close as possible. Fastening is done with nails (20 cm).

The type of roof will depend on the choice of the lathing option. If the creation of soft roll roofs, then the flooring must be solid (whole). If the roof is metal or made of slate - a discharged lathing. If necessary, the flooring can be double, but in this case the first layer is laid in the standard order, and the second - along the descent, that is, perpendicularly.

Ventilation.

Naturally, one lathing is not enough to cover the roof. Consideration should also be given to maintaining its integrity during operation. In order for the tiles to be ventilated, you should leave gaps in the crate, 2 or 3 ventilation channels on each side. They should start at the bottom of the overhang and end higher (if possible). The width is about five centimeters. An outlet for the hood is mounted at the top, which makes it possible to remove air.

Do-it-yourself liner and drip installation.

To increase the protection of the roof covering from the effects of condensation, a backing layer will need to be laid on the battens. Its installation is carried out especially at the edges, where there is a high probability of water seepage (near pipes, to the ridge, to the inner valleys). The width of the lining should be about 40 cm. The carpet is nailed or screwed at a distance of about 25-30 cm.

If necessary, another layer is laid, which is located on top of the already attached. Overlap gluing is also required. For this, bituminous glue is used.

Before the overlap, there is one more stage - the installation of drips. These are metal plates that protect the cornice from moisture penetration. The planks are nailed thanks to nails at a distance of 10 cm, the overlap is 5 cm. In the same way, the droppers are attached to the ridge.

The flexible tile attaches to the plates to enhance not only the drip function, but also the appearance. Since the plates are self-adhesive, the protective layer is removed from them and only then the attachment to the cornice is performed. Sometimes, to increase the reliability of installation, fastening can be carried out using nails.

Do-it-yourself roof installation.

The choice of roofing material directly depends on the type of roof. Each of possible options implies its own terms and conditions of installation.

There are the following roofing options:

Bituminous flexible tile. To evenly distribute the tiles and facilitate the overlap, the installation process must be started from the middle of the eaves. First, the protective film is removed from the shingle, and then gluing is performed. It is advisable to nail it along the edges. Most the best option- galvanized nails with wide heads. The protrusions are used to close the shingle joints. If the project assumes the presence of pipes, then special pass-through elements are attached along the perimeter of the shingle cutout. In place of the ridge, the tiles are glued with an overlap. If the pipe is brick, which heats up during active operation, a triangular bar is placed on the corner of the roof and pipe. The underlay is laid at a distance of approximately 20 cm from the pipe. In turn, a special connector is mounted on the pipe. All cracks are sealed with a sealant.

Metal roof tiles. It is necessary to lay a discharged crate under this material. The calculation of the amount of material is carried out by adding the indicators of the eaves overhang, the vertical overlap of the sheets and the length of the slope from the eaves to the ridge. The first sheet lays down and aligns along the cornice and end, the second should be placed on top, and the third - on the sides. The fourth will be placed directly above the second sheet. The entire resulting structure is leveled and attached to the crate with self-tapping screws. The assembly of the entire roof is carried out in the same way. Ridge strips and outer corners should be overlapped and secured using the same self-tapping screws. The plugs will cover the ridge from the ends. Additionally, it is recommended to install snow holders, which are installed directly on the roof covering parallel to the cornice. There are several options: strip, tubular and mesh. Covering metal shingles starts from the bottom upwards, from left to right. It is preliminarily laid out on piles of about 5 pieces, which are placed on the slopes. This approach makes it possible to distribute the load on the rafters evenly. The shingles are attached to the rafters using galvanized screws.

Do-it-yourself roof eaves filing. Video

This work is being carried out at the final stage. By that time, it is necessary to insulate the walls of the building, since the filing box will fit closely. Otherwise, you will have to leave the wall uninsulated or break the filing. As a rule, the filing is made of wood, which makes it possible not to carry out additional ventilation.

By itself, it is a kind of box, which is attached to the continuation of the filly and rafters. Its frame consists of two planks, where one goes straight towards the wall from the end of the overhang. The connection takes place at right angles using screws or self-tapping screws.

Metal plates are also used. Small gaps must be left between the boards. The corners of the box are cut at a certain slope, and the fasteners are made using self-tapping screws and metal brackets. After that, upholstery is carried out with boards along the entire length of the lower part of the frame. Thus, they are protected from exposure environment... In addition, you need to pay attention to the location of the joints. They must not line up with adjacent beams. The corners are sawn at 45 degrees.

Do-it-yourself roof insulation. Video

This process is no less important than any other. There are several options for insulation:

from the inside of the crate;

on top of the crate.

If the owner does not plan to use the attic space as a living area, then it is possible to carry out internal insulation... Thus, the free space formed between the rafters is hidden.

First, over the entire perimeter, the roof should be covered with a waterproofing film. Since the rafters are on top of the lathing, the film is not stretched with the canvas. It is necessary to ensure that the waterproofing covers all structural details. In the corners between the rafters and the crate, wooden slats are nailed on top of the film, after which mineral wool is stuffed into the crate in the area between the rafters. This insulation should be stacked back to back.

Next comes the turn of laying the vapor barrier layer. The bottom edge of this foil is attached to the rafters. The joints of both films are superimposed on each other and fixed with a special construction tape. In the event that the attic space will be operated as a living space, then it is necessary to take care of a higher rate of roof insulation. Therefore, the insulation and the film must be laid on top of the battens and truss structures.

It is necessary to avoid the use of urethane foam boards, as this material cannot be tightly joined.

The most acceptable material in terms of insulation is mineral wool, however, it is mandatory to use a waterproofing film. The principle of work on insulation corresponds to the above.

Thus, erecting a roof of a house with your own hands implies a complex and step-by-step work, therefore, this process should be approached as responsibly as possible. If you are not sure that you can perform all of the above procedures yourself, contact the professionals.

The roof is one of the essential elements any structure. The safety, reliability and comfort of using the house directly depends on the quality of the roof. If desired, the roof of the house can be equipped with your own hands. Before starting the main work, study the features of the existing varieties of roofing systems and choose the most suitable option systems for your case.

The easiest option in execution is a pitched roof. For residential premises, as a rule, it is not used. Most often, pitched roofs are installed on various outbuildings, outbuildings, baths, etc.

The most popular option is a gable roof. It is also extremely simple to arrange. Ideal for small houses.

A little more difficult to build, but also very popular and convenient is hip roof. It can have various modifications. In general, such a roof consists of four slopes and is optimal for almost any house.

An equally interesting option is half-hip roof. This design is a kind of symbiosis of four pitched roof and a gable roof. Optimal for big houses and country cottages.

Another option hipped construction is an hipped roof.

Lovers of original and interesting solutions you can recommend paying attention to broken roofs. However, beginners are not recommended to take on their performance. Broken structures, although they look interesting, can hardly be called too simple to construct. A sloping roof is an excellent solution for houses with equipped attic floor.

A more complex option with many different modifications is pitched multi-gable roof. Its construction requires the performer to have relevant experience or qualified assistance from specialized builders.

Thus, each owner can independently choose the roof that best suits his requirements. However, novice craftsmen are advised to focus on gable and four-pitched structures.

What to build a roof from?

Not only the appearance of the roof depends on the roofing, but also the procedure for arranging the rafter system. The heavier the finishing material, the more durable the rafters should be.

The largest weight among the used roofing materials is natural ceramic tiles.

The rafters are made of wooden beams. Also, to equip the frame, you will need wooden boards and slats. Do not forget about heat and moisture insulating materials, as well as fasteners in the form of nails and screws.

Calculate the consumption of materials in advance. The calculations are individual in each case. Consider the area and design of your roof.

Roof assembly sequence

The work on the arrangement of the roof is carried out in several stages. Follow each of them in sequence, and you will get a reliable and durable roof.

First step. This element is a strong and thick beam, fixed along the perimeter of the upper edges of the walls of the house. Mauerlat serves as a support for the future rafter system and the whole roof.

Secure the timber with anchor bolts. It is recommended to install the anchor at the stage of pouring the reinforcing belt. In such a situation, it will be enough to simply lay the anchors in the mortar so that their ends protrude from the concrete structure. As a result, all that remains is to put the timber on the protruding ends of the anchors, having previously drilled suitable fastening holes in the wood.

At the stage of attaching the Mauerlat, you will need a sledgehammer. With its help, you can plant the timber as tightly as possible.

Second phase. The rafters are made from planks or thick beams. Don't skimp on raw materials. Specifically, the rafters will bear the greatest load, so this part of the roofing system must be as reliable as possible.

To fasten the rafters, use spacers, ties, crossbars and all kinds of jumpers. Install one end of the rafter leg on the Mauerlat, and dock the other at the top with the rafter leg installed opposite. The pitch between the rafters is selected individually, taking into account the size of the roof and the weight of the selected finish. The higher the load on the rafters, the smaller step they need to be installed.

At the joints at the top of the rafters, they form an element called the ridge. Between the bars, special reinforcing jumpers are installed, they are also crossbars. In general, the rafter system looks like a set of triangles connected by jumpers. It is best to collect such triangles at the bottom, and then simply lift and fix them on the roof ready-made.

Begin the installation with the 2 outermost triangles. Install them and fasten them with a ridge beam, and then install the remaining rafter triangles, finally fixing all the elements with nails and suitable screws. Install jumpers and additional ties to strengthen the system.

Stage three. Thanks to these slats, the necessary ventilation gap will be created between the thermal insulation and the topcoat.

Stage four. Nail the battens to the counter battens. Secure the battens across the rafter legs. On this basis, the roof is ready. Go to the installation of protective materials.

Additional measures for the arrangement of the roof

Before laying the finishing material, the roofing structure must be vapor-insulated, insulated and protected from moisture... Vapor barrier is carried out using special membranes. Buy suitable material at hardware store and fix it to the frame elements using a construction stapler and metal staples.

Also, the film can be fixed after the insulation is laid. In this moment, navigate yourself as it is more convenient for you. The vapor barrier film is attached from the attic side.

Mineral wool is traditionally used for insulation. This is a high-quality and easy-to-install material that can be simply laid between the rafters and additionally secured. Also, foam and many other more modern and expensive materials are suitable for insulation.

Traditionally, a 10-cm layer of insulation is laid. In regions with very cold climates, the thickness of the insulation can be increased.

From above, the insulation is covered waterproofing material... It is best to use a special vapor-permeable diffusion film. It will release steam from the house, but will not allow external moisture to penetrate inside. It is recommended to lay the waterproofing film with a 10 cm overlap. Glue the joints with metallized adhesive tape. Attach the film itself to the roof frame using dowels or a construction stapler.

Tyvek Soft - vapor-permeable waterproofing membrane

Laying the topcoat

When choosing a roof covering, be guided by your preferences and available budget. The most inexpensive, popular and easy-to-use material is slate. However, its use is often abandoned due to its not the most attractive appearance. Therefore, slate is usually used to cover household and other buildings, and the house is covered with a more respectable and attractive material.

Natural ceramic tiles are a noble and excellent roofing material in all respects. If you plan to opt for natural tiles, consider the rather large weight of this material. Pay special attention to the quality and reliability of the rafter system.

The shingles are characterized by a long service life, have high performance characteristics and an excellent appearance, but they are quite expensive. It is because of the high cost that many owners refuse to use metal tiles. However, if desired, instead of natural material you can use its analog - metal roofing.

Galvanized steel sheets with a special polymer coating are practically in no way inferior to natural tiles, but they are much lighter and more affordable. A large assortment of metal tiles with a wide variety of coatings is available for sale, which allows you to choose the ideal material specifically for your roof.

The metal tile will allow you to significantly save time on the arrangement of the roof. This sheet material is easy and quick to install, and the finished covering has a beautiful appearance, imitating the surface of individual tiles.

Each roofing material is laid according to an individual technology. For example, sheets and individual fragments are superimposed one on top of the other, or are slipped under each other. Before starting work, be sure to figure out how the installation of your particular material is performed.

The main thing is not to skimp on materials. High-quality roofing is a guarantee of a long service life of the house and the safety of its residents... In the future, if you wish, you can save on additional accessories, for example, on the drain. However, roofing materials must be exclusively High Quality.

After completing the installation of the topcoat, it is imperative to install a drain. Without this element, the walls of the house will be constantly flooded with water, which will not have the best effect on their condition. plastic pipes, previously sawn in two along the longitudinal side.

Thus, in self-assembly the roof of the house is no big deal. Follow the instructions, remember the recommendations received, and you will make a roof in no way inferior to the construction of a professional assembly.

Video - DIY roof installation

Do-it-yourself roof construction requires serious preparation. It is necessary to develop a project for the construction of the roof and roofing pie, perform the appropriate calculations, familiarize yourself in detail with the technology of work.

Roof design

Construction begins with calculations of the rafter system and materials for the roof. The rafter system consists of beams and planks. The configuration of the structure depends on the selected type of roof; it can be single-slope, two- or four-slope, with straight or broken slopes.

When calculating the power of the rafter system and the step of installing the rafter legs, it is important to take into account the load on the roof, which is summed up from the individual loads:

own weight of the roof frame;
the weight of the elements of the roofing cake;
the approximate weight of people repairing or maintaining the roof;
safety margin in case of cataclysms (hurricane wind, increased precipitation).

Snow and wind loads depend on the climatic characteristics of the region (which requires the introduction of correction factors in the calculations), as well as on the angle of inclination of the roof slopes.

When calculating the material for the roof, it is important to take into account the working dimensions of the sheet roofing materials, since they are overlapped. In order to minimize insulation waste and simplify its installation, it is recommended to choose the rafter pitch taking into account the suitable width of the thermal insulation material.

The width of the rigid sheet material should correspond to the pitch of the rafters, and the width of the wadded material (basalt or glass wool) should exceed this parameter by about 10 mm. This makes it possible to mount soft slabs or roll material in the spans at the spur, without gaps.

The calculation of the construction of the roof can be carried out independently, using the appropriate tables from the reference literature, or by resorting to a specialized calculator, which are abundant on the Internet. Payment complex roofs it is recommended to entrust it to a professional architect.

When calculating the cost of building a roof, the amount of each of the basic materials is multiplied by its cost and 10% is added to the resulting value. We must not forget about consumables - fasteners, sealants, etc. The total cost also includes the transportation of materials.

Lumber preparation

The construction of the roof of the house is carried out on the basis of a detailed project, which indicates the length and cross-section of all structural elements, as well as the principles for the implementation of attachment points.

For the installation of the frame, it is important to use well-dried (moisture up to 15%) high quality lumber - without chips, cracks and other defects. This guarantees the necessary reliability of the rafter system, and also excludes deformation of its elements during operation. The roof frame is predominantly erected from coniferous wood, since this material is distinguished by its strength, resistance to decay, and durability.

To improve fire resistance and protect wooden elements the frame from damage by microorganisms, before installation, they are treated with special refractory and antifungal agents. The fire retardant composition is applied in two layers, while the second layer can be applied only after the first one is completely absorbed and dries. The installation of the wooden parts of the frame is started after they are completely dry.

It is especially important to carefully treat the elements of the cornice with protective agents.

Elements made of rolled metal - corners, channel bars can also be involved in the rafter system. But metal constructions when self-erecting a roof, they are rarely used, since their installation requires the use of welding equipment.

Principles for the construction of pitched roofs

Do-it-yourself roof construction usually implies the implementation of relatively simple projects: single-pitched roofs, gable roofs, simple and broken ones. The difficulty of erecting a four-pitched hip roof or half-hip roofs (Danish, Dutch) primarily lies in the need to make complex calculations and the most accurate markings. In addition, the installation of the diagonal rafters of the hip roof must be performed flawlessly, since otherwise the roof structure will not be able to withstand the operational loads. Calculation and installation of multi-gable roofs, roofs with complex architectural forms requires an exceptionally professional approach.

To build a roof, you need to understand the basic principles of building its frame. In general, the work is divided into the following stages:

installation of the Mauerlat;
construction of a rafter system;
installation of a roofing cake.

To erect the roof of a house on your own, 2-3 people are required with the skills to work with construction tools.

A video with step-by-step instructions will help you to visually familiarize yourself with the basic principles of installing a rafter system.

Roof frame: Mauerlat

Before building the roof of the house, it is necessary to complete the erection of the walls of the structure to its full height and lay waterproofing on their horizontal surface - a layer of roofing tar paper or roofing material. If the construction of a gable or shed roof, waterproofing under the Mauerlat is performed on two walls on which the rafter legs will rest. The erection of a four-pitched roof involves the installation of a Mauerlat around the entire perimeter of the building.

Mauerlat - wooden square or rectangular section underlying the entire roof structure. It serves to evenly transfer loads to the walls and foundations of the house, and is also the place where the roof is attached to the building. To fix the Mauerlat on the walls, a monolithic concrete beam with metal pins is made, or forged annealed wire is embedded in the masonry.

The size of the cross-section of the timber is selected depending on the complexity and total weight of the roof frame. If the Mauerlat is mounted around the entire perimeter, its elements are connected to each other by cutting one into another by 500 mm across the entire width, and for additional reliability, nails or a bolted connection are used.

To prevent the roof from moving under wind or other loads, the Mauerlat should be fastened as securely as possible.

Rafter system

The assembly of the rafter system begins with the installation of the rafter structures on both gables. If a partition or load-bearing wall passes in the middle of the house, this allows you to lay a beam on it and install supports for the ridge run. In this case, the rafter legs are attached with the upper part to the ridge girder, and the lower part to the Mauerlat.

If the structure has a small width, A-shaped truss structures without a ridge girder are installed. The horizontal lintel (crossbar) provides rigidity to the structure and reduces the load on the spacer, which is transmitted to the walls. The fastening of the rafter legs in the upper part is reinforced with a wooden or metal plate-overlay.

The lower part of the rafters can abut against the Mauerlat with the cut end - in this case, the rafter system is performed without an overhang. If the project provides for the construction of a roof with an overhang of rafter legs, a recess is cut in the lower part of the rafter so that the rafter with the horizontal part of the cut rests on the Mauerlat.

The construction of the roof of the house can be carried out without laying the Mauerlat on long walls. In this case, beams are mounted across long walls, with the beams being longer than the width of the building. The pitch of the beams must match the pitch of the rafters. It is important to securely fasten the beams - with embedded wire or put on reinforcement embedded in concrete. The lower ends of the rafter legs are attached to the beams without overhang or with overhang.

When erected with a residential attic floor, rafter systems with layered rafters are usually used... This means that the rafter legs have an additional fulcrum. For this purpose, special support posts are installed, connected by girders. In addition, struts and other elements are used to ensure the rigidity of the structure.

Roofing cake

The creation of a roofing cake is started after the installation of the rafter system. First of all, it is recommended to install waterproofing - a special membrane or roofing material. It is attached to the rafters. It is important not to overlap the waterproofing ridge - this will worsen the ventilation of the roof. On top of the waterproofing, bars with a cross section of 50 mm are stuffed onto the rafters - counter-lattice. This allows the necessary air gap between the waterproofing and the roofing to be created.

The battens are attached to the counter battens. It can be made from planks, bars or wood-based panel materials (solid lathing). The type of lathing directly depends on the installation features of the selected roofing material.

At the next stage, the finishing roofing is laid. For pitched roofs, the following are commonly used:

sheet materials made of metal (corrugated board, metal tiles, copper, steel and aluminum seam roofs), asbestos cement (flat and corrugated slate), bitumen-containing (ondulin);
piece materials from ceramics (classic tiles), natural stone (slate), bituminous tiles.

Pitched roof insulation is performed from the inside... Materials made of plant fibers (mats made of straw, seaweed, hemp), cellulose (ecowool) can be used as heat insulators. But most often mineral wool is used - an environmentally friendly fire-resistant fibrous material obtained from melted basalt or glass. Sheet and sprayed polymer heat insulators are used somewhat less often - they are more expensive, in addition, sheet polystyrene foam and polyurethane foam have certain disadvantages in installation, and for spraying foam insulation, special equipment is required.

Roof construction technology involves the installation of a vapor barrier from a special membrane. It allows you to protect insulation and wooden rafters from the destructive effects of moisture.

It is not recommended to replace the membrane with plastic wrap or other materials.

The video shows the main stages of installing the roof of a private house with your own hands.

It is not for nothing that we so often use the expression “roof over our head”, because without belittling the importance of solid walls, it is difficult to imagine a house without this element. What, if not a strong roof, will become a shield between you and the bad weather, protect from precipitation and wind. Only after construction is it said about the full completion of construction and about the transition to interior decoration at home. A well-executed installation of the roof determines the comfort of the future home.

A do-it-yourself gable roof is a popular design in private construction, which is used in the construction of houses from such materials: timber, logs, brick, block, even concrete. You can easily recognize the gable roof among the rest constructive solutions thanks to outward appearance houses that resemble a triangle.

The choice of this type of roof is explained by the availability of the materials used and the relative ease of installation, which even a novice house builder can do.

Device

A gable roof, regardless of whether it is simple or attic, consists of several structural elements, shown in the schematic drawing:

Diagram of the location of the elements of the roof truss system

Types of rafter systems

There are several ways how to make a gable roof for a private house. Their differences can be explained by using different types rafter systems, of which there are only two:

Both of these systems are equally reliable, the mansard roof assumes their joint use when hanging and layered rafters are combined. Before carrying out work, professional roofing masters create a drawing of a gable roof - a plan that reflects the location of all roof elements, according to which the necessary materials are calculated.

Roof calculation

Like any construction process, the construction of the roof of a house must be created with your own hands on the basis of an engineering calculation. For the convenience of its implementation, before building a gable roof, you need to sketch rough plan, on which the length of the roof along the ridge must be indicated, the exact length of the slopes, taking into account the plumb lines. At this stage, the slope of the future roof must already be determined:

If the wind is the main aggressive factor in the construction area, then it should be 10-10 ° so that its gusts do not tear off the roofing material.
If the construction is started in an area with a large amount of winter precipitation, it is more expedient to have a slope of 35-45 °, which does not make it difficult for snow to slide off the roof.

Calculating necessary material, it is better to round the obtained values upward, without complicating the calculations with the deduction of the holes for the chimneys or roof windows to avoid confusion.

The necessary calculations do not require knowledge of complex formulas, so everyone who has completed the school mathematics course can do them. However, the more sophisticated, the more complex the gable roof of the house, the higher the complexity of the calculations and the scheme of the rafter system.

Mauerlat installation

If the calculation is completed, and the materials are purchased, you can install the Mauerlat, and then create the lathing. Mauerlat is a kind of foundation for the future roof. Only this structure is not made of concrete, as the foundation for a house, but of pine logs.

Softwood is an ideal material for this, strong and light enough to distribute the weight of the roof evenly around the perimeter of the supporting elements of the house. It is placed along the roof slopes, between the rafter leg and the top of the wall.

Fastening the rafter legs to the Mauerlat

For greater safety of the Mauerlat and its long service life, a layer of waterproofing is laid between it and the wall, which is most often a roofing material. Depending on the material from which the house is being built, the installation of the Mauerlat is performed using various methods.

DIY construction involves checking the reliability of the connection. When it comes to wooden house, fasteners can be made using pins or bars, in brick - they use metal wire, reinforcement, in buildings made of foam blocks, gas silicate - a concrete screed.

Sequence of work

If there was step-by-step instruction on how to build a gable roof, it would start with how. Hanging ones should be assembled in advance using metal corners and bolts. The first to carry out the installation of the extreme structures, and only then located inside.

To create a layered system, you must first establish a bench on which the supports will be installed. The assembly can be considered complete after fixing all the rafter legs as shown in the drawing. If their length is not enough to create an overhang, it is increased by attaching the fillies.

The next stage is the installation of the lathing . Since its purpose is purely practical, the simplest, cheapest material is used, for example, an unedged board or even a croaker. However, you should not neglect the removal of bark from the surface of the tree, this simple operation will increase its service life. Depending on what is planned to cover the roof of the house, there are two types of lathing:

The final stage of work and subsequent operation

The construction ends with the laying of roofing material. It will be difficult to paint the installation of each material step by step, of which there are a lot on the construction market.

Design gable roof guarantees:

Excellent resistance to wind gusts;
Light snow removal from the slopes;
Protection from rain and cold;
Durability and reliability.

If the installation was made with high quality using modern materials then the roof will last for more than a dozen years, without requiring repairs, without requiring complex maintenance. Therefore, you should not save on roofing works as a reliable roof is a long-term investment in your comfortable life!